3. Mrs. Johnson referred her 5-year-old son, Billy, to a psychologist because Billy showed problems with oppositional and defiant behavior (e.g., crying, throwing tantrums, sassing back). The psychologist observed Mrs. Johnson and Billy during a 20-minute play session in the clinic. During the session, Mrs.

Johnson repeatedly yelled at Billy, threatened to spank him, and lost her temper. How might Billy’s behavior problems be explained by the transaction between Billy and his mother?