Answer the following questions:

1. Factual evidence- support consisting of data that are considered objectively verifiable by the audience.

2. Statistics-information- expressed in numerical form.

3. Appeal to needs and values- an attempt to gain assent to claim by showing that it will bring about what your audience wants and care deeply about.

4. Authoritative warrant- a warrant based on the credibility or trustworthiness of the source.

5. Substantive warrant- a warrant based on belief s about the reliability of factual evidence.

6. Motivational warrant-a type of warrant based on the needs and values of an audience.

7. Induction- reasoning by which a general statement is reached on the basis of particular examples.

8. Deduction-reasoning by which we establish that a conclusion must be true because the statement s on which it is based are true.

9. Hasty generalization-drawing conclusion from insufficient evidence.

10. Faulty use of authority- failing to acknowledge disagreement among experts or otherwise misrepresenting the trustworthiness of sources.

11. Post hoc- mistakenly inferring that because one event follows another they have a causal relation.

12. False analogy- assuming without sufficient proof that if objects or processes are similar in some way then they are similar in other ways as well.

13. Ad hominem- against the man attacking the arguer rather than the argument or issue.

14. False dilemma- simplifying a complex problem into an either/or dichotomy.

15. Slippery slope-predicting without justification that one step in a process will lead unavoidably to a second generally undesirable step.

16. Begging the question-making a statement that assumes that the issue being argued has already been decided.

17. Straw man- disputing a view similar to but not the same as that of the arguer’s opponent.

18. Non sequitur-it does not follow using irrelevant proof to buttress a claim.

19. Ad populum- to the people playing on the prejudices of the audience.

20. Appeal to tradition- a proposal that something should continue because it has traditionally existed or been done that way.

21. Faulty emotional appeal- basing an argument on feelings especially pity or fear- often to draw attention away from the real issues or conceal another purpose.

22. Two wrong make a right-diverting attention from the issue by introducing a new point by responding to an accusation with a counteraccusation that makes no attempt to refute the first accusation.

23. Appeal to values- an attempt to gain assent to claim by showing that it will bring about what your audience wants and cares deeply about.