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In the latter part of the 20th century, scientists put forward the theory that the Earth's temperature was increasing, and that the primary cause of

In the latter part of the 20th century, scientists put forward the theory that the Earth's temperature was increasing, and that the primary cause of this phenomenon was the growing amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas, and oil. While many climatologists support the idea of the greenhouse effect, others remain sceptical. However, two critical questions must be answered to resolve this issue: Is the Earth's temperature actually rising? If so, is the increasing amount of CO2 in the atmosphere responsible for this warming?

Page 3 of 3 To investigate these questions, the generally accepted method is to record monthly temperature anomalies, which are the deviations from the long-term average temperature for each month. A positive anomaly indicates that the temperature of a particular month is higher than the average, while a negative anomaly implies that the temperature is lower. The dataset "Climate_change.xlsx" contains monthly data on temperature anomalies and atmospheric CO2 levels from March 1958 to November 2009. Therefore, the two issues that need to be addressed in this discussion are: firstly, whether global warming is taking place, and secondly, if so, whether carbon dioxide emissions are responsible for it. A. Using graphical and numerical descriptive measures describe the two data series: 1) Comment on the distribution of two data series 2) Identify any outliers using boxplots. 3) Present a summary of numerical descriptive measures. B. Is Earth actually warming? 1) Use a descriptive graphical technique for the data for temperature anomalies to determine whether there is global warming, by first identifying the type of data and the appropriate graphical technique. 2) Test whether the mean temperature anomalies is positive. C. If the planet is warming, is CO2 the cause? 1) Use a graphical technique to determine whether there is a relationship between temperature anomalies and CO2 levels. 2) Comment on your findings

Year Month CO2 Temperature Anomalies
1958 3 315.71 0.011
1958 4 317.45 0.0668
1958 5 317.50 0.0965
1958 6 317.11 -0.1219
1958 7 315.86 -0.0048
1958 8 314.93 -0.0867
1958 9 313.20 -0.2284
1958 10 312.61 -0.0911
1958 11 313.33 0.1627
1958 12 314.67 0.2102
1959 1 315.62 0.1299
1959 2 316.38 -0.0216
1959 3 316.71 0.4944
1959 4 317.72 0.1993
1959 5 318.29 -0.131
1959 6 318.16 0.1593
1959 7 316.55 0.0647
1959 8 314.80 -0.0165
1959 9 313.84 0.0514
1959 10 313.26 -0.255
1959 11 314.80 -0.3893
1959 12 315.59 -0.1529
1960 1 316.43 -0.0688
1960 2 316.97 0.5585
1960 3 317.58 -0.8426
1960 4 319.02 -0.2907
1960 5 320.02 -0.4773
1960 6 319.59 0.1047
1960 7 318.18 -0.1472
1960 8 315.91 -0.0565
1960 9 314.16 0.01
1960 10 313.83 -0.0661
1960 11 315.00 -0.3197
1960 12 316.19 0.5309
1961 1 316.93 0.2385
1961 2 317.70 0.3253
1961 3 318.54 0.3758
1961 4 319.48 0.1058
1961 5 320.58 0.189
1961 6 319.77 0.1529
1961 7 318.58 -0.0459
1961 8 316.79 -0.0339
1961 9 314.80 -0.0487
1961 10 315.38 -0.2664
1961 11 316.10 -0.031
1961 12 317.01 -0.2301
1962 1 317.94 0.3176
1962 2 318.55 0.4681
1962 3 319.68 0.2203
1962 4 320.63 0.1426
1962 5 321.01 0.0144
1962 6 320.55 -0.1558
1962 7 319.58 -0.0551
1962 8 317.40 -0.0575
1962 9 316.26 -0.0252
1962 10 315.42 0.1398
1962 11 316.69 0.171
1962 12 317.70 0.2893
1963 1 318.74 0.0828
1963 2 319.08 0.8688
1963 3 319.86 -0.0411
1963 4 321.39 -0.1965
1963 5 322.24 -0.1732
1963 6 321.47 -0.1112
1963 7 319.74 0.1559
1963 8 317.77 0.1718
1963 9 316.21 0.2702
1963 10 315.99 0.5756
1963 11 317.12 0.3894
1963 12 318.31 0.0522
1964 1 319.57 0.0594
1964 2 320.11 -0.3869
1964 3 320.76 -0.3739
1964 4 321.79 -0.3647
1964 5 322.24 -0.1097
1964 6 321.89 -0.1967
1964 7 320.44 -0.1867
1964 8 318.70 -0.2353
1964 9 316.70 -0.3247
1964 10 316.79 -0.5399
1964 11 317.79 -0.1948
1964 12 318.71 -0.4318
1965 1 319.44 0.0684
1965 2 320.44 -0.4826
1965 3 320.89 -0.1338
1965 4 322.13 -0.4334
1965 5 322.16 -0.1079
1965 6 321.87 -0.0887
1965 7 321.39 -0.1832
1965 8 318.80 -0.2248
1965 9 317.81 -0.2176
1965 10 317.30 0.0903
1965 11 318.87 -0.3219
1965 12 319.42 -0.0353
1966 1 320.62 -0.1959
1966 2 321.59 -0.1487
1966 3 322.39 0.0218
1966 4 323.87 -0.3439
1966 5 324.01 -0.0851
1966 6 323.75 0.1131
1966 7 322.40 0.1001
1966 8 320.37 0.0179
1966 9 318.64 0.0501
1966 10 318.10 -0.196
1966 11 319.78 -0.2632
1966 12 321.08 -0.5724
1967 1 322.06 -0.3025
1967 2 322.50 -0.4549
1967 3 323.04 0.014
1967 4 324.42 0.095
1967 5 325.00 0.2553
1967 6 324.09 -0.2681
1967 7 322.55 -0.1828
1967 8 320.92 -0.197
1967 9 319.31 -0.1718
1967 10 319.31 0.4655
1967 11 320.72 0.022
1967 12 321.96 0.0343
1968 1 322.57 -0.4084
1968 2 323.15 -0.143
1968 3 323.89 0.8267
1968 4 325.02 -0.0844
1968 5 325.57 -0.2576
1968 6 325.36 -0.2808
1968 7 324.14 -0.2182
1968 8 322.03 -0.241
1968 9 320.41 -0.2587
1968 10 320.25 -0.1655
1968 11 321.31 -0.2477
1968 12 322.84 -0.5647
1969 1 324.00 -1.1966
1969 2 324.42 -1.0261
1969 3 325.64 -0.1005
1969 4 326.66 0.0551
1969 5 327.34 -0.0241
1969 6 326.76 -0.1175
1969 7 325.88 0.0574
1969 8 323.67 -0.0549
1969 9 322.38 -0.1429
1969 10 321.78 -0.1087
1969 11 322.85 0.3489
1969 12 324.12 0.3829
1970 1 325.03 -0.0444
1970 2 325.99 0.4935
1970 3 326.87 -0.2413
1970 4 328.14 0.1774
1970 5 328.07 -0.0441
1970 6 327.66 0.071
1970 7 326.35 0.0002
1970 8 324.69 -0.097
1970 9 323.10 -0.0808
1970 10 323.16 -0.3015
1970 11 323.98 -0.0832
1970 12 325.13 -0.3134
1971 1 326.17 0.0078
1971 2 326.68 -0.499
1971 3 327.18 -0.2575
1971 4 327.78 -0.227
1971 5 328.92 -0.1517
1971 6 328.57 -0.2413
1971 7 327.34 -0.1532
1971 8 325.46 -0.1343
1971 9 323.36 0.0105
1971 10 323.56 -0.0895
1971 11 324.80 0.333
1971 12 326.01 0.1266
1972 1 326.77 -0.9707
1972 2 327.63 -0.8485
1972 3 327.75 -0.0941
1972 4 329.72 -0.072
1972 5 330.07 -0.136
1972 6 329.09 0.0069
1972 7 328.05 -0.1428
1972 8 326.32 -0.0643
1972 9 324.93 -0.3012
1972 10 325.06 -0.1489
1972 11 326.50 -0.301
1972 12 327.55 0.0729
1973 1 328.55 0.1632
1973 2 329.56 0.6837
1973 3 330.30 0.6357
1973 4 331.50 0.3657
1973 5 332.48 0.2384
1973 6 332.07 0.338
1973 7 330.87 0.0927
1973 8 329.31 -0.0057
1973 9 327.51 -0.0774
1973 10 327.18 -0.0128
1973 11 328.16 -0.113
1973 12 328.64 0.1827
1974 1 329.35 -0.7418
1974 2 330.71 -0.8358
1974 3 331.48 -0.0314
1974 4 332.65 -0.0158
1974 5 333.15 -0.1689
1974 6 332.13 -0.2098
1974 7 330.99 -0.0687
1974 8 329.17 -0.2157
1974 9 327.41 -0.3106
1974 10 327.21 -0.4739
1974 11 328.34 -0.3475
1974 12 329.50 -0.4643
1975 1 330.68 0.2386
1975 2 331.41 -0.0716
1975 3 331.85 0.2671
1975 4 333.29 0.1883
1975 5 333.91 0.1129
1975 6 333.40 0.0728
1975 7 331.74 -0.0236
1975 8 329.88 -0.2229
1975 9 328.57 0.0853
1975 10 328.35 -0.268
1975 11 329.33 -0.273
1975 12 330.55 -0.0515
1976 1 331.66 0.1241
1976 2 332.75 -0.3304
1976 3 333.46 -0.8099
1976 4 334.78 -0.0049
1976 5 334.79 -0.2797
1976 6 334.05 -0.3553
1976 7 332.95 -0.3259
1976 8 330.64 -0.3557
1976 9 328.96 -0.1664
1976 10 328.77 -0.9451
1976 11 330.18 -0.5839
1976 12 331.65 -0.2869
1977 1 332.69 -0.6984
1977 2 333.23 0.138
1977 3 334.97 0.5139
1977 4 336.03 0.4489
1977 5 336.82 0.2591
1977 6 336.10 0.2961
1977 7 334.79 0.054
1977 8 332.53 -0.1135
1977 9 331.19 0.0119
1977 10 331.21 -0.1672
1977 11 332.35 0.4349
1977 12 333.47 -0.0364
1978 1 335.09 -0.0083
1978 2 335.26 0.016
1978 3 336.62 0.3507
1978 4 337.77 0.1741
1978 5 338.00 -0.1105
1978 6 337.98 -0.2161
1978 7 336.48 -0.1962
1978 8 334.37 -0.3624
1978 9 332.33 -0.1383
1978 10 332.40 -0.0856
1978 11 333.76 0.2347
1978 12 334.83 -0.1036
1979 1 336.21 -0.2162
1979 2 336.64 -0.2605
1979 3 338.13 0.1531
1979 4 338.96 -0.3322
1979 5 339.02 -0.0461
1979 6 339.20 0.0193
1979 7 337.60 -0.0278
1979 8 335.56 0.0122
1979 9 333.93 0.0425
1979 10 334.12 0.2055
1979 11 335.26 0.0989
1979 12 336.78 0.8051
1980 1 337.80 0.0259
1980 2 338.28 0.2371
1980 3 340.04 -0.1357
1980 4 340.86 0.3261
1980 5 341.47 0.3368
1980 6 341.26 0.1343
1980 7 339.34 0.0564
1980 8 337.45 0.0622
1980 9 336.10 0.0401
1980 10 336.05 0.0791
1980 11 337.21 0.5066
1980 12 338.29 0.2235
1981 1 339.36 0.9474
1981 2 340.51 0.6748
1981 3 341.57 0.7587
1981 4 342.56 0.6037
1981 5 343.01 0.2076
1981 6 342.52 0.1699
1981 7 340.71 0.0659
1981 8 338.51 0.2221
1981 9 336.96 0.0563
1981 10 337.13 -0.0501
1981 11 338.58 0.1089
1981 12 339.91 0.7257
1982 1 340.92 -0.2691
1982 2 341.69 -0.0455
1982 3 342.87 -0.2562
1982 4 343.83 0.201
1982 5 344.30 0.0045
1982 6 343.42 -0.1456
1982 7 341.85 0.0664
1982 8 339.82 -0.0024
1982 9 337.98 0.0915
1982 10 338.09 -0.1751
1982 11 339.24 -0.3022
1982 12 340.67 0.6082
1983 1 341.42 0.7218
1983 2 342.67 0.6997
1983 3 343.45 0.4865
1983 4 345.08 0.1292
1983 5 345.75 0.1805
1983 6 345.32 0.0024
1983 7 343.93 0.2378
1983 8 342.08 0.3919
1983 9 340.00 0.355
1983 10 340.12 0.132
1983 11 341.35 0.8854
1983 12 342.89 0.24
1984 1 343.87 0.2352
1984 2 344.59 -0.1784
1984 3 345.29 0.249
1984 4 346.58 -0.0471
1984 5 347.36 0.4211
1984 6 346.80 -0.0016
1984 7 345.37 -0.043
1984 8 343.06 0.0157
1984 9 341.24 -0.23
1984 10 341.54 -0.0441
1984 11 342.90 -0.3642
1984 12 344.36 -0.8423
1985 1 345.08 0.0554
1985 2 345.89 -0.5592
1985 3 347.49 0.1491
1985 4 348.02 0.16
1985 5 348.75 0.1833
1985 6 348.19 -0.032
1985 7 346.49 -0.2207
1985 8 344.70 0.0514
1985 9 343.04 -0.1818
1985 10 342.92 -0.0662
1985 11 344.22 -0.1281
1985 12 345.61 0.0231
1986 1 346.42 0.6008
1986 2 346.95 0.3348
1986 3 347.88 0.4688
1986 4 349.57 0.3585
1986 5 350.35 0.2743
1986 6 349.70 0.2281
1986 7 347.78 -0.0223
1986 8 345.89 0.0103
1986 9 344.88 -0.1048
1986 10 344.34 -0.065
1986 11 345.67 -0.1281
1986 12 346.89 0.0178
1987 1 348.20 0.2867
1987 2 348.55 0.9998
1987 3 349.56 -0.063
1987 4 351.12 0.1949
1987 5 351.84 0.2893
1987 6 351.45 0.1506
1987 7 349.77 0.4442
1987 8 347.62 0.2268
1987 9 346.37 0.3286
1987 10 346.48 0.0034
1987 11 347.80 -0.0566
1987 12 349.03 0.7507
1988 1 350.23 0.6521
1988 2 351.58 0.1268
1988 3 352.22 0.5513
1988 4 353.53 0.5339
1988 5 354.14 0.3773
1988 6 353.64 0.5172
1988 7 352.53 0.3863
1988 8 350.42 0.2976
1988 9 348.84 0.3314
1988 10 348.94 0.2849
1988 11 349.99 0.2583
1988 12 351.29 0.7176
1989 1 352.72 0.0749
1989 2 353.10 0.4025
1989 3 353.64 0.545
1989 4 355.43 0.2128
1989 5 355.70 0.2471
1989 6 355.11 0.1546
1989 7 353.79 0.1506
1989 8 351.42 0.1342
1989 9 349.83 0.125
1989 10 350.10 0.2278
1989 11 351.26 0.0403
1989 12 352.66 0.5571
1990 1 353.63 0.4546
1990 2 354.72 0.4863
1990 3 355.49 1.5448
1990 4 356.10 0.7241
1990 5 357.08 0.4589
1990 6 356.11 0.4387
1990 7 354.67 0.1212
1990 8 352.67 0.2726
1990 9 351.05 0.2064
1990 10 351.36 0.4694
1990 11 352.81 0.8232
1990 12 354.21 0.5801
1991 1 354.87 0.5752
1991 2 355.67 0.6979
1991 3 357.00 0.2205
1991 4 358.40 0.7247
1991 5 359.00 0.4027
1991 6 357.99 0.5381
1991 7 355.96 0.381
1991 8 353.78 0.2786
1991 9 352.20 0.3981
1991 10 352.22 0.3244
1991 11 353.70 0.2651
1991 12 354.98 0.1071
1992 1 356.08 0.8782
1992 2 356.84 0.7484
1992 3 357.73 0.5765
1992 4 358.91 0.1355
1992 5 359.45 0.2191
1992 6 359.19 0.0714
1992 7 356.72 -0.2338
1992 8 354.77 -0.1706
1992 9 352.80 -0.3281
1992 10 353.21 -0.1836
1992 11 354.15 -0.2989
1992 12 355.39 0.4297
1993 1 356.76 0.6093
1993 2 357.17 0.5607
1993 3 358.26 0.7216
1993 4 359.17 0.3064
1993 5 360.07 0.2518
1993 6 359.41 0.1799
1993 7 357.36 0.1058
1993 8 355.29 0.0707
1993 9 353.96 -0.1177
1993 10 354.03 0.1529
1993 11 355.27 -0.3217
1993 12 356.70 0.2037
1994 1 358.05 0.332
1994 2 358.80 -0.4335
1994 3 359.67 0.562
1994 4 361.13 0.5205
1994 5 361.48 0.5228
1994 6 360.60 0.481
1994 7 359.20 0.2591
1994 8 357.23 0.1928
1994 9 355.42 0.3041
1994 10 355.89 0.5679
1994 11 357.41 0.6249
1994 12 358.74 0.3834
1995 1 359.73 0.961
1995 2 360.61 1.5627
1995 3 361.60 0.7013
1995 4 363.05 0.4815
1995 5 363.62 0.1461
1995 6 363.03 0.612
1995 7 361.55 0.398
1995 8 358.94 0.7116
1995 9 357.93 0.543
1995 10 357.80 0.6538
1995 11 359.22 0.6563
1995 12 360.42 0.4102
1996 1 361.83 0.1212
1996 2 362.94 0.6105
1996 3 363.91 0.1794
1996 4 364.28 0.0153
1996 5 364.93 0.4294
1996 6 364.70 0.2485
1996 7 363.31 0.2567
1996 8 361.15 0.1505
1996 9 359.41 0.033
1996 10 359.34 0.0505
1996 11 360.62 0.0891
1996 12 361.96 0.4369
1997 1 362.81 0.5041
1997 2 363.87 0.6499
1997 3 364.25 0.646
1997 4 366.02 0.6172
1997 5 366.47 0.3595
1997 6 365.36 0.5463
1997 7 364.10 0.4441
1997 8 361.89 0.4924
1997 9 360.05 0.6951
1997 10 360.49 0.7297
1997 11 362.21 0.3787
1997 12 364.12 0.6382
1998 1 365.00 0.5809
1998 2 365.82 1.5542
1998 3 366.95 0.7554
1998 4 368.42 1.1149
1998 5 369.33 0.8132
1998 6 368.78 0.8026
1998 7 367.59 1.0165
1998 8 365.81 0.9464
1998 9 363.83 0.6719
1998 10 364.18 0.5791
1998 11 365.36 0.2204
1998 12 366.87 0.9299
1999 1 367.97 0.8632
1999 2 368.83 1.5476
1999 3 369.46 0.1695
1999 4 370.77 0.7001
1999 5 370.66 0.5458
1999 6 370.10 0.5277
1999 7 369.10 0.5408
1999 8 366.70 0.4286
1999 9 364.61 0.5077
1999 10 365.17 0.5678
1999 11 366.51 0.4941
1999 12 367.85 1.2189
2000 1 369.06 0.357
2000 2 369.32 0.9666
2000 3 370.38 0.9765
2000 4 371.63 1.2968
2000 5 371.32 0.703
2000 6 371.51 0.5378
2000 7 369.69 0.4332
2000 8 368.18 0.5663
2000 9 366.87 0.3954
2000 10 366.94 0.0531
2000 11 368.27 -0.1597
2000 12 369.62 0.0837
2001 1 370.47 0.6605
2001 2 371.44 0.3977
2001 3 372.39 1.0747
2001 4 373.32 0.7978
2001 5 373.77 0.8244
2001 6 373.13 0.6604
2001 7 371.51 0.6328
2001 8 369.59 0.8298
2001 9 368.12 0.5131
2001 10 368.38 0.5209
2001 11 369.64 1.2027
2001 12 371.11 0.5301
2002 1 372.38 1.2617
2002 2 373.08 1.5943
2002 3 373.87 1.3846
2002 4 374.93 0.6599
2002 5 375.58 0.6211
2002 6 375.44 0.7305
2002 7 373.91 0.8873
2002 8 371.77 0.657
2002 9 370.72 0.6877
2002 10 370.50 0.4167
2002 11 372.19 0.8583
2002 12 373.71 0.2117
2003 1 374.92 1.1114
2003 2 375.63 0.7594
2003 3 376.51 0.6436
2003 4 377.75 0.6074
2003 5 378.54 0.7857
2003 6 378.21 0.5786
2003 7 376.65 0.513
2003 8 374.28 0.6685
2003 9 373.12 0.71
2003 10 373.10 1.0474
2003 11 374.67 0.5656
2003 12 375.97 1.2647
2004 1 377.03 0.7505
2004 2 377.87 1.1674
2004 3 378.88 1.1106
2004 4 380.42 0.7613
2004 5 380.62 0.3739
2004 6 379.66 0.5105
2004 7 377.48 0.369
2004 8 376.07 0.3828
2004 9 374.10 0.4737
2004 10 374.47 0.7246
2004 11 376.15 1.3407
2004 12 377.51 0.528
2005 1 378.43 0.857
2005 2 379.70 0.5041
2005 3 380.91 1.2034
2005 4 382.20 1.2014
2005 5 382.45 0.9008
2005 6 382.14 0.945
2005 7 380.60 0.8727
2005 8 378.60 0.6434
2005 9 376.72 1.0148
2005 10 376.98 1.0737
2005 11 378.29 1.3144
2005 12 380.07 0.9385
2006 1 381.37 0.4432
2006 2 382.19 0.9951
2006 3 382.65 0.9394
2006 4 384.65 0.5907
2006 5 384.94 0.5311
2006 6 384.01 0.9113
2006 7 382.15 0.8128
2006 8 380.33 0.7302
2006 9 378.81 0.7762
2006 10 379.06 0.9654
2006 11 380.17 0.7725
2006 12 381.85 1.3256
2007 1 382.89 1.7419
2007 2 383.77 1.0124
2007 3 384.42 1.1086
2007 4 386.36 1.4141
2007 5 386.53 0.8479
2007 6 386.01 0.6052
2007 7 384.45 0.6464
2007 8 381.96 0.754
2007 9 380.81 0.896
2007 10 381.09 0.9212
2007 11 382.37 0.9603
2007 12 383.84 0.8604
2008 1 385.42 0.0799
2008 2 385.72 0.5702
2008 3 385.96 1.8292
2008 4 387.18 0.7267
2008 5 388.50 0.6567
2008 6 387.88 0.6959
2008 7 386.38 0.7242
2008 8 384.15 0.6168
2008 9 383.07 0.5152
2008 10 382.98 1.0476
2008 11 384.11 1.1579
2008 12 385.54 0.7052
2009 1 386.92 0.8786
2009 2 387.41 0.869
2009 3 388.77 0.8629
2009 4 389.46 1.0249
2009 5 390.18 0.6754
2009 6 389.43 0.7006
2009 7 387.74 0.529
2009 8 385.91 0.7385
2009 9 384.77 0.9657
2009 10 384.38 0.7986
2009 11 385.99 0.8122

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