1 (a). A psychology professor is interested in whether implementing weekly quizzes improves student learning. She decides to use the weekly quizzes in one section of her introductory psychology class and not to use them in another section of the same course. Which type of quasi-experimental design do you recommend for this study? Question 1 (b). Identify some possible confounds in each of the studies you outlined in your answers to Question 1 (a) and the following If the psychology professor in Question 1 (a) had access to only one section of introductory psychology, describe how she might use a single-group design to assess the effectiveness of weekly quizzes. Which of the three single-group designs would you recommend? AND If a psychology professor is interested in whether implementing weekly quizzes improves student learning. She decides to use the weekly quizzes in one section of her introductory psychology class and not to use them in another section of the same course. Which type of quasi-experimental design do you recommend for this study? Question 1 (C). Give three reasons a researcher might choose to use a single-case design Question 1 (d). How does a multiple-baseline design differ from a reversal design? Question 2. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of quasi-experiments? What is the fundamental weakness of a quasi-experimental design? Why is it a weakness? Does its weakness always matter? Question 3 If you randomly assign participants to groups, can you assume the groups are equivalent at the beginning of the study? At the end? Why or why not? If you cannot assume equivalence at either end, what can you do? Please explain. Explain and give examples of how the particular outcomes of a study can suggest if a particular threat is likely to have been present. Question 5. Describe each of the following types of designs, explain its logic, and why the design does or does not address the selection threats discussed in Chapter 7 of Trochim and Donnelly (2006): Non-equivalent control group pretest only Non-equivalent control group pretest/posttest Cross-sectional Regression-Discontinuity Why are quasi-experimental designs used more often than experimental designs? One conclusion you might reach (hint) after completing the readings for this assignment is that there are no bad designs, only bad design choices (and implementations). State a research question for which a single-group post-test only design can yield relatively unambiguous findings. Part II - Answer the following questions: 1. What research question(s) does the study address? 2. What is Goldberg's rationale for the study? Was the study designed to contribute to theory? Do the results of the study contribute to theory? For both questions: If so, how? If not, why not? 3. What constructs does the study address? How are they operationalized? 4. What are the independent and dependent variables in the study? 5. Name the type of design the researchers used. 6. What internal and external validity threats did the researchers address in their design? How did they address them? Are there threats they did not address? If so how does the failure to address the threats affect the researchers' interpretations of their findings? Are Goldberg's conclusions convincing? Why or why not? Support your paper with a minimum of 5 resources Please use citations within the text as you go Examine the literature in your topic area and identify five articles published within the past five years that investigate mediating, moderating, or independent variables in an attempt to contribute to theory in the topic area. Write a paper in which for each article, you: 1. Describes the theory the researchers explore. What are the key constructs in the theory? How are they related? Identify which ones are cause, effect, mediating, or moderating constructs. How are the constructs operationalized? 2. Briefly describe the study, including the number of participants and research methods. 3. Briefly describe the statistical analyses used 4. Briefly described the findings and how the researchers interpreted them and their contribution to theory. Using some or all of the five articles, argue for a gap in the knowledge in the topic area and briefly describe a study involving mediator and or moderator variables that can contribute to theory. Cresswell, J (2014). Variables in quantitative research Theories Forms of theories in quantitative research Placement of quantitative theories Quantitative theoretical Perspective Please use citations within the text as you go Examine the literature in your topic area and identify five articles published within the past five years that investigate mediating, moderating, or independent variables in an attempt to contribute to theory in the topic area. Write a paper in which for each article, you: 1. Describes the theory the researchers explore. What are the key constructs in the theory? How are they related? Identify which ones are cause, effect, mediating, or moderating constructs. How are the constructs operationalized? 2. Briefly describe the study, including the number of participants and research methods. 3. Briefly describe the statistical analyses used 4. Briefly described the findings and how the researchers interpreted them and their contribution to theory. Using some or all of the five articles, argue for a gap in the knowledge in the topic area and briefly describe a study involving mediator and or moderator variables that can contribute to theory. Cresswell, J (2014). Variables in quantitative research Theories Forms of theories in quantitative research Placement of quantitative theories Quantitative theoretical Perspective