$1.($a$)$ Compare ladle refining and BOF steelmaking process.$(15$ p$)$

$($b$)$ Explain how iron sand is used in the steelmaking process.$(10$ p$)$

$2.$ Explain the principles of steel production and the methods used. The elements carried into the flue gases and slag and

State the reactions. What methods are used to ensure rapid reactions and what methods are used?

What is the basic principle on which it is based? $(25$p$)$

$3.$ Explain steel production in Electric Arc Furnaces and show them schematically. Advantages of electric heating

Explain what properties the scrap ready for use in Electric Arc Furnaces should have.

Explain. $(40$ p$)$

$4.$ What are Steel Casting Processes? Classification of steels. $(10$ p$)$