1. A draws a bill payable to his own order but he cannot circulate the bill without the name of Y being indorsed thereon. Y then signs the back of the bill in blank. Thereafter, A negotiates it to B. Y is an irregular indorser. Suppose that A, drawer and payee, negotiates the bill to B, B to C, and C to D. To whom is Y liable?

2. A draws a bill payable to B or order. X, drawee, accepts the bill which is due on December 10, 2021. B negotiates the bill to C, C to D, D to E, E to F, now holder. On December 11, 2021, the bill is still unpaid. F failed to make presentment for payment to X, acceptor. Can F file an action against X and hold him liable on the bill? Explain your answer.

Give explanation with legal basis of the Negotiable Instruments Law in the Philippines.