1 A - Please indicate the sampling design and data collection tool(s) used in the following studies. a) A researcher wanted to investigate the prevalence of depression among type II diabetic patients and to examine the relationship between depression and socio-demographic factors, clinical factors, and glycemic control. He conducted a cross-sectional study at a primary healthcare center in Naples, Palestine. Two hundred and ninety-four patients were surveyed for the presence of depressive symptoms using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) scale (a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory). Participants were recruited from the diabetic clinic while they were waiting to be seen by their health care providers. The inclusion criteria for this study were males and females 18 years old and older who reported to the researcher that they had type 2 diabetes. (1 mark) b) A research team wanted to investigate the influences of various individual, social and physical environmental factors on physical activity participation by gender, age and socioeconomic status. They selected 5176 participants in Toronto, Canada by randomdigit dialing from household-based telephone exchanges, and asked the respondents to complete a telephone survey. They used the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire to collect information on total physical activity (PA), as well as the respondents' socio-economic status, self-rated health, intention to continue PA, perceived barriers to PA, perceived health benefits of PA, and facility availability for PA. (1 mark) c) A research team wanted to research cigarette and waterpipe (shisha) smoking habits among school-aged children in Estonia (one of the Baltic countries in Eastern Europe). The target population of the survey were 11-, 13- and 15-year-old schoolchildren. All comprehensive schools in Estonia were eligible for the study. Estonia was divided into four major geographic regions, then each region was again stratified by the study language in the school. Then, random selection of 3 schools in each stratum was performed, followed by random selection of 2 classes in each school. All schoolchildren in the selected classes attending school on the day of the survey were eligible to participate. Data was collected through self-completion standardized questionnaires administered by teachers or members of the research group in the classroom. Headmasters of the schools and representatives of the parents were notified by a letter in advance of the survey and schoolchildren gave verbal consent to complete the questionnaire. (1 mark) B - Please, choose only 2 from the following bias examples in studies, and discuss how to minimize bias in this particular context. (2 marks) a) Interviewer bias in a cross-sectional study on the eating habits of pregnant mothers b) Diagnostic bias in a cohort study on breast cancer incidence among users and non-users of contraception pills c) Selection bias in a case-control study on the association between second-hand smoke and ischemic heart disease