1) A talent show broadcast on television asks viewers to call in to vote for their favorite act. Describe how the design of the survey leads to bias. (4 points)

a. A voluntary response error was made in this design. This type of sampling only targets people with phones to call in and is not a good representation of the population.

b. A convenience sample error was made in this design. This type of sampling only targets people with televisions and is not a good representation of the population.

c. A voluntary response error was made in this design. This type of sampling only targets those who are passionate about a specific act and call in to vote; it is not a good representation of the population.

d. A convenience sample error was made in this design. This type of sampling only targets people with access to that television channel and is not a good representation of the population.

e. There are no potential areas of bias.

2) A study was conducted on the effect of daytime running lights on cars. Researchers gathered data from a random sample of 3,248 drivers and measured quite a few variables, in addition to the explanatory variable of daytime running lights and the response variable of less accidents. According to a newspaper article summarizing the study, those cars that had daytime running lights were more likely to be operated by drivers who were confident and attentive. Drivers whose cars did not have daytime running lights were about 22% more likely to have an accident. What conclusion can we draw from this study? Explain.

a. We can infer a cause-and-effect relationship because the sample was selected randomly.

b. We cannot infer a cause-and-effect relationship because we do not have a control group.

c. We can infer a cause-and-effect relationship because multiple variables were included.

d. We cannot infer a cause-and-effect relationship because treatments were not assigned randomly.

e. We cannot infer a cause-and-effect relationship because the treatments imposed were not blocked correctly.