1. Based on the information below, what conclusion for the research question, with regards to both statistical and practical significance, can be drawn ?

Research Question: Is there an association between the coastal proximity of a state and the average level of extraversion among its residents? Nominal variables and their corresponding levels: The nominal variables selected for this analysis are "Coastal" and "Extraversion." Their corresponding levels are:

• Coastal: Yes (Y), No (N)
• Extraversion: Low (< 50), High ( 50)

Comparison of the observed versus expected scores for each variable:

• Observed Frequency for (Coastal = Y, Extraversion >= 50): 16
• Expected Frequency for (Coastal = Y, Extraversion >= 50): 17.3333
• Observed Frequency for (Coastal = Y, Extraversion < 50): 10
• Expected Frequency for (Coastal = Y, Extraversion < 50): 8.6667
• Observed Frequency for (Coastal = N, Extraversion >= 50): 26
• Expected Frequency for (Coastal = N, Extraversion >= 50): 24.6667
• Observed Frequency for (Coastal = N, Extraversion < 50): 11
• Expected Frequency for (Coastal = N, Extraversion < 50): 12.3333

Pearson's chi-square, degrees of freedom, and the significance level:

• Pearson's Chi-Square: 0.5042
• Degrees of Freedom: 1
• Significance Level: 0.05 (commonly used level)

Effect size: Effect Size (Cramr's V): 0.0894

• Interpretation: The value of Cramr's V is below 0.25, suggesting that the effect size is small. This indicates that the variables "Coastal" and "Extraversion" have a weak association in this dataset.

State	Sample size	Coastal	Region	Extraversion	Agreeableness	Conscientiousness	Neuroticism	Openness
Alabama	27,690.00	Y	S	55.5	52.7	55.5	48.7	42.7
Arizona	33,569.00	N	W	50.6	46.6	58.4	38.1	54.7
Arkansas	13,941.00	N	S	49.9	52.7	41	56.2	40.3
California	177,085.00	Y	W	51.4	49	43.2	39.1	65
Colorado	28,995.00	N	W	45.3	47.5	58.8	34.3	57.9
Connecticut	17,769.00	Y	NE	57.6	38.6	34.2	53.4	53.9
Delaware	4,957.00	Y	S	47	38.8	36.5	62.4	42.7
District of Columbia	6,774.00	N	S	64.8	21.4	44.1	41.6	77.5
Florida	81,002.00	Y	S	60.9	50.7	62.7	40.8	61
Georgia	52,631.00	Y	S	63.2	60	68.8	38	56.9
Idaho	9,314.00	N	W	40.7	52.9	44.5	44.2	44.7
Illinois	72,011.00	N	MW	62.5	48.3	50.9	51.2	55.2
Indiana	36,483.00	N	MW	48.9	50.2	56.2	59.3	44.9
Iowa	19,821.00	N	MW	62.8	56.6	52.2	49.1	33.7
Kansas	18,039.00	N	MW	45.5	48.9	50.8	49	40.1
Kentucky	21,791.00	N	S	53.4	48.1	51.3	62.5	43
Louisiana	17,414.00	Y	S	52.2	49.7	45	60.4	53.7
Maine	8,963.00	Y	NE	44.2	32.8	24	71	50.8
Maryland	30,568.00	Y	S	35.2	37.3	37.5	49.4	56.6
Massachusetts	38,270.00	Y	NE	44.4	40.7	32.2	63.8	59.6
Michigan	59,221.00	N	MW	55.2	54.7	53	48.6	43.4
Minnesota	38,597.00	N	MW	52.9	61.6	52.5	43.4	38.5
Mississippi	10,479.00	Y	S	56.8	63.3	59.7	52	46.2
Missouri	34,558.00	N	MW	62.9	59.3	60.8	48.3	45.7
Montana	5,052.00	N	W	33.1	52.3	56.1	43	55
Nebraska	12,102.00	N	MW	60	62.9	64.3	41.6	34.3
Nevada	10,196.00	N	W	46.4	31.8	55.8	44	61.3
New Hampshire	8,076.00	Y	NE	40.2	53.5	38	61.8	48.7
New Jersey	39,549.00	Y	NE	59.9	44.6	40.8	56.4	57.6
New Mexico	9,408.00	N	W	32.4	45.4	58.5	51.6	62
New York	86,855.00	Y	NE	47	29.8	37.7	62.7	64.5
North Carolina	45,940.00	Y	S	51	63.6	68.4	44.8	49.6
North Dakota	4,808.00	N	MW	52.4	52.4	51.4	49.6	21.8
Ohio	61,683.00	N	MW	54.6	45.9	46.5	58.5	46
Oklahoma	19,515.00	N	W	39.7	54.3	54.7	52.1	42.2
Oregon	25,403.00	Y	W	30.9	59.1	45.8	39.5	58.8
Pennsylvania	67,938.00	N	NE	54.6	42.8	52.4	61.4	49.6
Rhode Island	5,322.00	Y	NE	43.3	35.2	48.5	61.9	59.4
South Carolina	17,375.00	Y	S	60	55.4	69.6	45.7	55.3
South Dakota	4,581.00	N	MW	58.7	56.7	55.8	36.1	41.9
Tennessee	29,738.00	N	S	51.3	66.6	62	49	50.1
Texas	116,094.00	Y	S	55.2	52.3	54.4	44.3	52.7
Utah	20,715.00	N	W	55.8	69.4	54.5	30.4	47.7
Vermont	4,118.00	N	NE	26.5	60	38.2	55.8	54.2
Virginia	45,898.00	Y	S	48.5	47.4	45.3	44.7	57.1
Washington	44,150.00	Y	W	30.6	55.8	45	36.9	56.6
West Virginia	8,349.00	Y	S	38.5	51.8	42.6	79.2	36.8
Wisconsin	40,731.00	N	MW	69.8	57.8	47.6	48.6	35.7
Wyoming	3,166.00	N	W	46	40.7	42.4	46.1	42.4