$1 billion of sales tax revenue to purchase half of the state's remaining vacant land. In addition, cities all over the country have imposed a variety of anti-sprawl policies, including growth boundaries and charges levied on development. The November 1998 election saw 240 anti-sprawl initiatives appearing on ballots nationwide, and many additional measures were put before the voters in the 2000 election and in subsequent contests. Do the criticisms of urban sprawl have merit? Do cities take up too much space? Should policy measures designed to restrict the spatial growth of cities be adopted? This chapter addresses these questions, making use of the urban model developed in chapters 2 and 3.1 Since land-use controls offer one means of attacking sprawl, the chapter then turns to an analysis of these policies. The discussion first considers urban growth boundaries, a primary tool for limiting sprawl, and it then turns to other land-use controls, such as building-height restric- tions and zoning, that aren't related to sprawl