1. Chromosome mutations are surprisingly frequent in human reproduction. The estimated distribution of chromosome mutations among all human conceptions that develop sufficiently to implant in the uterus is 8%. Among live births, 0.61% have chromosomal abnormalities. The most accurate test for chromosomal mutations requires amniocentesis. Amniocentesis carries a risk of miscarriage, about 1 in 200 (about 200K procedures annually, perMayo Clinic; a recent systematic review places the risk at about 15 in 2000 procedures, per Akolekar et al 2015). What is the chance that a pregnancy that is miscarried due to amniocentesis actually has a chromosome abnormality? show work.

2. The sensitivity of the fecal occult blood test (FOBT) is reported to be 0.68. What is the False Negative Rate? show work.

3. The specificity of the fecal occult blood test (FOBT) is reported to be 0.98. What is the False Positive Rate? show work.