1. Create a signal phrase for a quote that you will use in your paper and make sure to include correct parenthetical reference.

Here's the quote - "College drinking and its social burden represent a current and severe problem for higher education institutions and public health authorities."

2. Paraphrase a concept from one of your sources. Avoid patchwriting and include citation. Refer to Daren's Model to properly paraphrase a concept. It is important to begin with the source and end with a citation so the reader knows where the author's ideas begin and end.

Concept - We know that informal sanctions, such as the negative consequences deriving from reactions of others close to the individual, appear to have a stronger deterrent effect on individuals than formal sanctions (Foglia, 1997; Tittle & Paternoster, 2000). Research in deterrence theory has concluded that "the extralegal consequences of crime seem at least as great a deterrent as do the legal consequences" (Nagin & Pogarsky, 2001, p. 865; Tittle, Antonaccio, Botchkovar, & Kranidioti, 2010; Wright, 2010). Informal sanctions may be perceived to have more certainty because an individual will be less able to hide deviant behavior from someone close to them, even if they could disguise it from a much larger formal authority. However, the extralegal informal sanctions of shame (guilt and embarrassment) are more likely to work when there is a collective efficacy, or a network able to implement them (Maimon & Browning, 2012; Sampson, Raudenbush, & Earls, 1997).When do alcohol restricting policies work? Several key issues are involved in predicting student support for alcohol control policies and perhaps their success in reducing alcohol-related problems. Past research has found that "men, heavier drinkers, and more frequent drinking drivers were less supportive of alcohol policies" (Lavigne, Francione, Wood, Laforge, & DeJong, 2008, p. 756). However, many students do express support for more stringent policies. Other factors shown to affect the success of bans are student perception that their opinions were taken into consideration by university officials in the development of the new policy and the overall level of student consensus about the process and content of the policy (Mills, Pfaffenberger, & McCarty, 1981). Also, when students perceive the policy as legitimate and the sanctions as costly, the ban is more likely to be effective (Mooney & Gramling, 1993). Considerable research on "social norming" responses to alcohol problems on campus has shown that beliefs about what others are doing have been shown to be related to student drinking patterns (Berger & Snortum, 1986; Perkins, 2002).Additional work in this area has examined changes in student drinking rates after a system-wide crackdown on enforcement of a stricter policy (Harris et al., 2010). Results show that enforcement levels reported by administrators were related to lower rates of student heavy episodic drinking. But students' perceptions of enforcement were not related to declines in problem drinking. While suggesting that aggressive enforcement by administrators is an important part of the formula for reducing problem drinking, it is not known how to interpret student perceptions of enforcement.In short, we do not know much about how beliefs about enforcement policies work. Consistent with existing research, previous work with the implementation of this specific policy has shown that the informal deterrence processes that generate feelings of guilt or embarrassment are more likely to prevent future policy violations than the formal consequences embedded in the policy (Kelley et al., 2009; Spivak et al., 2011). Other recent research on understanding the role of local enforcement has investigated the impact of perceived availability, perceived harm, and personal disapproval of alcohol on the use of alcohol (Lipperman-Kreda, Paschall, & Grube, 2009). Results show main and moderating effects of perceived enforcement on the use of underage drinking.Perceived surveillance and enforcement are concepts derived from ideas in deterrence theory. While in some ways similar to certainty of punishment, they are really more about the likelihood of being apprehended, rather than punished (Kennedy, 1983; Wright, 2010). You might know that you would feel shame if caught, but if it is unlikely that you will get caught, shame is unlikely to deter the behavior. Concerns about getting caught may be conceptualized as beliefs about enforcement.Gender is a key factor in understanding differences in deviant behavior in general, including in patterns of problem drinking. Throughout the world, compared with women, men are less likely to abstain from alcohol, are more likely to consume alcohol in greater amounts, and more likely to experience problems due to such consumption (Holmila & Raitasalo, 2005). Along with age, gender is considered one of the most consistent, and often the strongest, correlates of most forms of crime and deviance (Steffensmeier & Allan, 1995). Deterrence components, especially the informal deterrents of shame and embarrassment, have been shown to vary by gender. In fact, some work has provided evidence that gender moderates the relationship (Grasmick, Bursik, & Arneklev, 1999; Grasmick, Bursik, & Kinsey, 1991). While surveillance and enforcement are expected to have different impacts by gender, it is possible they are also moderated by gender. For example, surveillance could be more important for women given their propensity to have closer friendship connections and greater propensity to conform more in group pressure situations (Eagly, Wood, & Fishbaugh, 1981). They are generally more experienced with higher levels of supervision and social control (Hagan, Gillis, & Simpson, 1985). However, men have more contact with formal social control, perhaps suggesting that perceived enforcement will have a stronger impact on their drinking behaviors.

3. Summarize a text that you will incorporate in your paper. Many students find it easy to begin the paper summarizing the current OU Policy that they will be addressing. Remember to cite it properly. Again, Daren demonstrates the proper way to summarize a text where there is no question where the author's work begins and ends.

How do I cite the policy? I already summarized it, I just need to cite it.

The University of Oklahoma's policy on alcohol consumption by students is that students are not allowed to consume alcohol on campus, with the exception of those who are 21 years of age or older and who have a valid driver's license. Those who are of legal drinking age may consume alcohol in their dorm rooms but are not allowed to do so in public areas on campus. Students who are caught violating this policy will be subject to disciplinary action. The policy is in place to try to keep students safe and to limit the amount of underage drinking that takes place on campus. It is also meant to cut down on the amount of public drunkenness and disorderly conduct that can occur when students drink in public. While the policy may be unpopular with some students, it is designed to keep students safe and to protect the university's image. Those who violate the policy will be subject to disciplinary action, which could include a warning, probation, suspension, or expulsion from the university. The University of Oklahoma's Alcohol policy is meant to keep students safe and to limit the amount of underage drinking and public drunkenness that takes place on campus. Those who violate the policy will be subject to disciplinary action.