1) Data 4-12 has cross section data for 50 states and Washington D.C. for mortality rates and their determinants. The Y variable is MORT (Total Mortality rate per 100,000 population).

The explanatory variables are:

INCC = per capita income by state in dollars

POV = proportion of families living below the poverty level

EDU1 = proportion of population completing four years of high school.EDU2 = proportion of population completing four years or more of college.

ALCC = Per-capita consumption of alcohol in gallons.

TOBC = per-capita consumption of cigarettes in packs.

HEXC = healthcare expenditures per capita in $.PHYS= physicians per 100,000 population.

URB = proportion of population living in urban areas.

AGED = Proportion of population over the age of 65.

Do not include in the regression variables that are not in this list.

a) For each explanatory variable, explain why it might have a causal effect on mortality (explain why it is + or -).