1. Define frictional, structural and cyclical unemployment. Give an example of each . According to the OECD, Australia reported the following average annual data in 2019 (all numbers in 000s): Working age population: 18,369 Labor force: 13,575 Number of employed : 12,874 Number of unemployed: 701 Calculate the labor force participation rate, the employment population rate, and the unemployment rate for Australia in 2019 . Show your work . 3. FRED (the Federal Reserve Economic Data service) reports the following statistics for Japan in October 2020: Number employed = 66,580,000 Number unemployed = 2,128,311 What was the unemployment rate in Japan in October 2020 ? (Show your work ). 4 . Use the following statistics for the United States to calculate the labor force and the official unemployment rate for December 2012. Then recalculate to include discouraged workers. December 2012 Number of employed 143,212,000 Number of unemployed 12,273,000 Labor force Official unemployment rate Number of discouraged workers 1,068,000 Number of unemployed if we include discouraged workers Labor force if we include discouraged workers Unemployment rate if we include discouraged workers 5 . Read the opinion piece "How the American Unemployment System Failed," (Porter, NY Times 2021) and answer the following questions: a. What were the original goals of the unemployment insurance system? b. What evidence does Porter present in arguing that the system fails to achieve these goals? C. In what ways has the unemployment insurance system changed over time? In what ways have the characteristics of workers changed over time? d. Porter writes, " Deindustrialization and the growth of low -wage service jobs have been accompanied by a persistent increase in the duration of joblessness since the 1970s . This has been driven , in part , by the decline of temporary unemployment - furloughs and other short -term arrangements - and the corresponding increase of permanent dislocations, forcing the unemployed to find jobs that require new skills." What type of unemployment is Porter describing .... Frictional , structural , cyclical or seasonal ? e . How does Virginia compare to the national average in the percentage of the unemployed who typically qualify for unemployment insurance benefits? f. Porter lists some possible solutions to the problem. Which one (s), if any, sound promising to you? The table below (from the Bureau of Labor Statistics) provides six measures of "labor underutilization." It includes