1. Determine in which case more information is missing. The answer is highly insensitive to approximations (a) You do not know the contents of the approximately 2 million books and periodicals in all of Fordham University's libraries (in this case knowing all the symbols on all the pages would constitute complete information). (b) You have one milligram of a paramagnetic substance whose atoms may have their spins oriented "up" or "down," but you lack information about individual spin orientations