1. Explain how John Calvin's reformation differed from and was similar to Luther's reformation.

2. Why did Geneva under Calvin use state power to regulate public morals?

3. Why did some Protestants, like Calvin and the Anabaptists, refuse to recognize the subordination of the church to the state?

4. Why were the decisions made at the Council of Trent important in cementing the division within Christianity?

5. Why did France and the Netherlands choose to allow religious pluralism?

6. How did Spain and England exploit religious conflicts to promote political and economic interests against each other?

7. What was Henry VIII's relationship to the reformation?

8. Explain how the English Tudor family used religious reform to gain greater control over religion and morality.

9. How did the growth of commerce and new innovations in banking change European society during the Renaissance?

10. How did the emergence of new commercial elites challenge the existing social structure in Europe?

11. How did the Renaissance affect the idea of family?

12. How did the rise of commercial groups affect politics in Italy and France?