$1.$Explain the concept of pipelining in processors and how it improves instruction execution compared to a single$-$cycle implementation. Provide an example to illustrate your explanation.

$2.$Define and distinguish between the three types of pipeline hazards: structural, data, and control hazards. Provide an example scenario for each type of hazard.

$3.$What is forwarding $($or bypassing$)$ in the context of pipelining, and how does it help resolve data hazards? Illustrate with an example involving two dependent instructions.

$4.$Define what a clocking methodology is and why it is essential for the operation of state elements in digital logic. Discuss the implications of having a stable input value before the active clock edge occurs.

$5.$Consider the following instruction:

Instruction: and rd$,$ rs$1,$ rs$2$

Interpretation: Reg$[$rd$]=$ Reg$[$rs$1]$ AND Reg$[$rs$2]$

What are the values of control signals generated by

the control intextbook Figure $4\mathrm{.}10$ for this instruction?

Which resources $($blocks$)$ perform a useful function

for this instruction?

Which resources $($blocks$)$ produce no output for

this instruction? Which resources produce output that is not

used?

$6.$Consider a simple RISC$-$V instruction sequence that involves data dependencies. Given the following instructions, identify the data hazards and suggest techniques such as forwarding or pipeline stalling to handle them:

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ADD x$1,$ x$2,$ x$3$

SUB x$4,$ x$1,$ x$5$

AND x$6,$ x$4,$ x$7$

Describe the pipeline behavior for each instruction and the overall effect on the pipeline flow.$**$

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