1. For each of the evolutionary “steps” listed below between the four major groups of plants, identify the novel adaptation that sets the later-appearing group (listed second) from the first AND describe why this adaptation is beneficial. (5 points possible each part, 20 points possible total)
   1. Charophytes à Non-Vascular Plants (Bryophytes)
   2. Non-vascular Plants à Seedless Vascular Plants (Pteridophytes)
   3. Seedless Vascular Plants à Non-flowering Seedless Plants (Gymnosperms)
   4. Non-flowering Seedless Plants à Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)

*Each part (a-d) must include an in-text citation and a matching entry in your literature cited section for any reference material used in generating your written answer.

** Your answer to Question 1 (parts a - d combined) must be at least 150 words.

2. Few, if any, liverworts, mosses or ferns are found growing in dry biomes. Why do you think this happens? Think about the biology of these plants and apply ecological ideas from lecture. (10 points possible each part, 20 points possible total)
   1. List three DIFFERENT reasons why they would not be found growing in hot, dry environments.
   2. What are some strategies used to survive by plants that are found in dry environments such as deserts to survive the harsh environment? Fully develop your thoughts and explain your answers.

*Each part (a-d) must include an in-text citation and a matching entry in your literature cited section for any reference material used in generating your written answer.

**Your answer to Question 2 (parts a and b combined) must be at least 100 words.

3. Some algae and most other eukaryotes (i.e., plants and animals) have both a haploid and diploid stage during their reproduction. In some organisms the diploid stage is the dominant form that is responsible for the majority of growth and resource acquisition, whereas in others the haploid stage is dominant. (10 points possible each part, 20 points possible total)
   1. In your own words, briefly describe this idea of alteration of generations using the following terms as a part of your answer: haploid, diploid, sporophyte, gametophyte, mitosis, meiosis.
   2. For each of the five groups listed in question 1 above, indicate which generation (i.e., sporophyte or gametophyte) each group is in for a majority of its life cycle.

*Each part (a-d) must include an in-text citation and a matching entry in your literature cited section for any reference material used in generating your written answer.

**Your answer to Question 3 (parts a and b combined) must be at least 100 words.