1. How is the science of probability and the science of statistics related? Define each. Why one is necessary for the other. ______________________________

2. What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics? (choose A, B, or C)

A) Descriptive statistics summarizes data as single values or in graphs; inferential statistics uses data from a sample to make assumptions about a population.

B) Descriptive statistics describes how statistics affect the world around us; inferential statistics uses a population to make guesses about a sample.

C) Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics are the same thing; the terms can be used interchangeably.

3. What is the difference between a population and sample? (choose A, B, or C)

A) A population is the number of people in a city. A sample is an example.

B) A population is all the individuals of interest. A sample is a group of individuals selected from the population.

C) A sample is all of the individual of interest. A population is a group of individuals selected from a sample.

4. A botanist is studying a newly identified soybean disease. The botanist collected soil samples from all of the soybean fields in randomly selected states to see if there were significant differences the sulfur levels in fields with and without the disease.

1. What is the population? _______ (All US soil, All US Botanists, All US diseases, or all US soybeans)
2. What is the sample? ________ (selected US soil, selected US Botanists, selected US diseases, or selected US soybeans)
3. What is the variable of interest? _____________________(# of soybeans w/the disease, height of the soybeans, amount of sulfur in the soil, # of fields w/affected soybeans, or states w/affected soybeans)
4. How was the sample selected? ___________________(Census, Cluster, Convenience, Simple or Stratified)
5. What method was used to collect the data? ________(Experiment, Observational Study, Simulation, or Survey)
6. Is the variable qualitative or quantitative? _______________
7. Is the variable continuous or discrete? ______________

Choose the best method for choosing a sample and the best method to collect data. Remember to think about the definitions and the pros and cons of each before choosing your answers.

1. A researcher is trying to determine the migratory patterns of Great White sharks.
2. Census or Sampling method: ________
3. Collection method: __________(Experiment, Observational Study, Simulation, or Survey)
4. There are 30 students in your class and you want to know their birthdays.
5. Census or Sampling method: _______
6. Collection method: __________(Experiment, Observational Study, Simulation, or Survey)
7. A company wants to examine their products for paint defects.
8. Census or Sampling method: ________
9. Collection method: __________(Experiment, Observational Study, Simulation, or Survey)
10. A new restaurant has been open for three months and wants feedback from it's customer. They do not have much time or money to invest in getting the data.
11. Census or Sampling method: _________
12. Collection method: __________(Experiment, Observational Study, Simulation, or Survey)
13. A dog food claims to make dogs coats shiner and healthier looking. A researcher wants to test the claims.
14. Census or Sampling method: _________
15. Collection method: __________(Experiment, Observational Study, Simulation, or Survey)
16. The Department of Homeland Security wants to test a computer virus that is has developed to combat hackers.
17. Census or Sampling method: _______
18. Collection method: __________(Experiment, Observational Study, Simulation, or Survey)

Identify the following as sampling error or non-sampling error/sampling bias.

1. A researcher numbers each household in the city and uses a random number generator to select individual households for the sample. By chance, none of the households chosen were households of single millennials. This is an example of______________(sampling error or non-sampling error/sampling bias)

2. A company's receipts gives a website where customers can fill out a survey to receive a coupon. This is an example of_______________ (sampling error or non-sampling error/sampling bias)

3. Your friend forgot she was supposed to conduct a poll of your high schools' students. She asks everyone in your homeroom if they think the school should have a new mascot. She presents the results to the student council. This is an example of__________ (sampling error or non-sampling error/sampling bias)

4. A pollster randomly selects a proportional amount of Democrats and Republicans to be in a sample, but does not include any other parties. The results are used in an article about what Americans think. This is an example of ___________ (sampling error or non-sampling error/sampling bias)

5. A researcher decides to use cluster sampling. Penguins are groups based on species and then three groups are selected to be in a study. The other species are not represented in the sample. This is an example of __________(sampling error or non-sampling error/sampling bias)

6. A successful company hired a new research firm to test the effectiveness of their new fitness workout. The researcher firm told the researchers conducting the study that they really needed to retain the company as a client for future business. The researchers created tests that were favorable to the companies desired results. This is an example of ___________________ (sampling error or non-sampling error/sampling bias)