$1)$ In general terms what are four distinct actions that a machine instruction can specify? $20\%$

Fetch $$ Grab code for the machine to analyze

Decode $$ translate human code to machine code and decide what needs to be done

Execute $$ after deciding what needs to be done, set the plan into motion $($execute$)$

Store $$ Hold the address of the next instruction or wait

$2)$ Why was the evolution of operating systems to use interrupts important $$ be specific? $10\%$ Give examples of interrupts $10\%$

Operating systems slowly evolved over time. From having to work with bare hardware and referencing one person for each application to having an OS to manage all of the obscure systems at once. As processes slowly became more and more tedious and plentiful, interrupts came into the picture. Without interrupts the CPU would work in an in$-$efficent manner$-$ constantly waiting for input from an external source and slowly down its processes. Now when a signal from an external device is sent, the CPU is interrupted and can handle the abrupt interruption instead of wasting effort waiting for a signal that may never come.

IE: Anytime I press or use my keyboard the CPU must divert its attention to figure out where am I currently placing the key $($if anywhere$)$ and how to process the request I am giving it

$3)$ What are the basic functions of an operating system? $10\%$

What does each do$?10\%$

Memory management$-$ decide when and how to allocate memory and to what processes

Processor management$-$ allocate processes

Device management: Track and manage devices that connect to a system

File Management: Track and manage files in a system$/$control where information is stored

Security: Prevent unauthorized users from gaining access to a system$/$programs

Control System Performance: Monitor and control resource usage

Detect Errors: Keep an eye on the overall system for any errors that may occur

$4)$ What are the differences between user mode and kernel mode? $20\%$

Kernal mode allows code to be executed unrestricted unlike user mode

No limitations on what kind of memory addresses can be referenced

It is a mode reserved for the most trusted functions

User mode

User has to program execute

User may not have access ot be blocked from certain areas of memory

May not be able to execute all instructions

$5)$ Why multiprogramming better than uniprogramming? $20\%$

Uniprogramming means the process of running only one program at a time, while in comparison, Multiprogramming means running multiple programs at once alongside having $($usually$)$ better user performance