1. In this question, you will examine the distribution of the quantitative variable, GNI.

(a) Obtain a relative frequency histogram of GNI for the 187 countries for which the data are available. Use class intervals of width 12,735 with bins starting at 0. Paste the histogram into your report. The format of your histogram should be the same as the format of the histogram in the Lab 1 Instructions, (title and labels).

(b) What is the shape of the histogram? Is it symmetric or skewed? Is it unimodal or bimodal? How is wealth, measured by GNI, distributed among the 187 countries for which the data are available? Which two countries are considered the wealthiest? Given the shape of the histogram, what would be the suitable measures of center and spread for the distribution?

2. In this question, you will compare the distributions of GNI for the 6 continents.

(a) Obtain side-by-side boxplots of GNI by CONTINENT. Check the "Use fences to identify outliers" option. Paste the boxplot into your report.

(b) Comment on the group size for each continent. Use the boxplots to describe the shape of each distribution. If there are any outliers, identify them for each continent. What would be the appropriate measures of center and spread for all six distributions? Compare the centers and spreads of the six distributions. Rank the continents based on their median GNI. Comment on the limitation of a boxplot.

(c) Use the Summary Stats function to obtain the group size, mean, median, standard deviation, and IQR of GNI by CONTINENT. Paste the output into your report. Compare the numerical summaries for the six continents. In particular, which continent has the largest average and median GNI? The smallest average and median GNI? Smallest spread of GNI? Largest spread of GNI? Do the results confirm your conclusions about centers, spreads, and shapes reached in part (b)? Using both the boxplot and numerical summaries, explain why there is a big difference between the IQR and standard deviation of GNI for Oceania?

COUNTRY CONTINENT SIZE BIRTH DEATH TGNI LE Afghanistan Asia 33370794 35.706 7.141 21141556283 63 Albania Europe 2889104 12.259 7.219 13116565123 78 Algeria Africa 38923687 25.538 4.709 213771287482 76 Angola Africa 26941779 43.182 9.454 134935090330 59 Antigua And Barbuda North America 92562 16.026 6.188 1180894970 76 Argentina South America 42669500 17.698 7.651 525940080584 76 Armenia Asia 2912403 14.979 9.796 12047457836 74 Aruba South America 103774 11.179 8.488 2613644824 76 Australia Oceania 23475686 13.2 6.6 1529421095384 82 Austria Europe 8546356 9.6 9.2 430446238040 81 Azerbaijan Asia 9535079 17.9 5.8 73360860873 72 Bahamas North America 370633 14.34 6.661 10376333295 73 Bahrain Asia 1336075 15.426 2.337 32157332384 77 Bangladesh Asia 154520167 19.501 5.565 171249750509 71 Barbados North America 284825 10.916 8.708 4451988170 79 Belarus Europe 9474511 12.5 12.8 71939575908 73 Belgium Europe 11209057 11.2 9.3 535793201983 81 Belize North America 353366 22.067 4.603 1501196963 74 Benin Africa 10286842 37.831 9.481 13069577668 60 Bermuda North America 65138 10.5 7.6 6508284316 81 Bhutan Asia 719056 17.965 6.27 1766282617 70 Bolivia South America 10706517 23.233 6.966 30352501121 70 Bosnia Europe 3482104 8.818 10.194 18454747152 77 Botswana Africa 2088614 26.87 6.634 15706323344 66 Brazil South America 202763735 14.624 6.195 2456973659048 75 Brunei Asia 409769 16.765 4.081 17656354717 75 Bulgaria Europe 7223938 9.4 15.1 55922026618 74 Burkina Faso Africa 17586017 39.979 9.105 13374189110 59 Burundi Africa 9844297 41.44 8.767 2603067067 60 Cabo Verde Africa 518269 21.132 5.866 1742068704 72 Cambodia Asia 15274503 24.048 6.159 15573069863 68 Cameroon Africa 22681858 37.497 10.347 33690669389 57 Canada North America 35437435 10.8 7.3 1849251405119 82 Central African Republic Africa 4464175 36.927 14.164 1742839476 50 Chad Africa 13663559 44.276 13.053 13352646184 53 Chile South America 17758959 13.7 5.848 265284600687 80 China Asia 1364270000 12.37 7.16 10246603763272 76 Colombia South America 46967706 15.725 5.373 384900588166 76 Comoros Africa 759390 33.781 7.608 1128219911 63 Congo, Dem. Rep. Africa 73767447 43.309 10.424 32572882714 59 Congo, Rep. Africa 4736974 35.094 7.406 18782470071 63 Costa Rica North America 4795396 14.989 4.791 48398598949 79 Croatia Europe 4238389 9.3 12 56200508764 77 Cuba North America 11306902 10.992 8.338 77327219279 79 Curacao South America 155909 12.6 8.8 3089461505 78 Cyprus Europe 1152285 11.143 6.799 22618581237 80 Czech Republic Europe 10525347 10.4 10 198969105296 79 Denmark Europe 5643475 10.1 9.1 359299230657 81 Djibouti Africa 898696 23.402 8.157 * 63 Dominican Republic North America 10165178 20.547 6.068 64373664413 73 Ecuador South America 15951838 20.645 5.096 97454861960 76 Egypt Africa 90424654 28.475 6.027 292268185049 71 El Salvador North America 6295128 18.881 6.935 21429727940 72 Equatorial Guinea Africa 1122276 35.326 10.245 14849042875 57 Estonia Europe 1314545 10.3 11.8 24969410196 77 Eswatini Africa 1095021 28.021 12.153 4521883791 54 Ethiopia Africa 98094253 34.059 7.218 53613560417 65 Fiji Oceania 866453 22.108 8.174 4349738475 67 Finland Europe 5461512 10.5 9.6 269765654000 81 France Europe 66312067 12.4 8.4 2872584366614 83 Gabon Africa 1883800 33.132 7.749 17571304010 64 Gambia Africa 2024042 40.029 8.46 1306587718 61 Georgia Asia 3719414 14.165 13.121 17620701379 73 Germany Europe 80982500 8.8 10.7 3856354139366 81 Ghana Africa 27224472 31.125 7.798 51861682325 62 Greece Europe 10892413 8.5 10.4 239752924701 81 Grenada North America 108902 17.209 9.393 818665982 73 Guatemala North America 15306316 25.992 4.876 54574714159 73 Guinea Africa 11150977 38 9.67 8305502064 59 Guinea-Bissau Africa 1692439 37.346 10.499 1087414365 57 Guyana South America 763380 20.793 7.162 4253485459 69 Haiti North America 10549008 26.002 9.037 14884140517 62 Honduras North America 8955589 22.792 4.431 17931449913 74 Hong Kong Asia 7229500 8.6 6.2 290893127090 84 Hungary Europe 9866468 9.5 12.8 133746192126 76 Iceland Europe 327386 13.4 6.3 15789675087 83 India Asia 1295604184 18.984 7.212 2020999036100 68 Indonesia Asia 255129004 19.537 6.437 922995728689 70 Iran Asia 77465753 18.93 4.795 503571365554 76 Iraq Asia 34411951 31.791 5.057 234959962237 70 Ireland Europe 4657740 14.4 6.3 215752378090 81 Israel Asia 8215700 21.5 5.2 295900916757 82 Italy Europe 60789140 8.3 9.8 2121223122239 83 Jamaica North America 2875136 16.814 7.497 14126596416 74 Japan Asia 127276000 8 10.1 5593496700018 84 Jordan Asia 8920049 25.214 3.806 34989005029 74 Kazakhstan Asia 17288285 23.1 7.65 208881358747 72 Kenya Africa 46699981 31.522 6.161 57832847293 64 Kiribati Oceania 109391 29.23 6.68 351820627 67 Kosovo Europe 1812771 17.4 7 7278901212 71 Kuwait Asia 3690941 16.807 2.403 188255675165 75 Kyrgyz Republic Asia 5835500 27.7 6.1 7278473602 70 Lao PDR Asia 6639756 25.091 6.803 12104564575 66 Latvia Europe 1993782 10.9 14.3 30559721604 74 Lebanon Asia 6262410 17.617 4.048 47289272832 79 Lesotho Africa 2043437 28.068 16.433 2973193112 50 Liberia Africa 4359505 34.789 8.485 2751349092 62 Libya Africa 6362037 20.94 5.095 48410470839 72 Lithuania Europe 2932367 10.4 13.7 47134069146 75 Luxembourg Europe 556319 10.9 6.9 42539170933 82 Macao Asia 590208 11.317 3.7 43797425930 84 Madagascar Africa 23589887 33.673 6.63 12267333195 65 Malawi Africa 16289540 36.629 7.864 6023991083 61 Malaysia Asia 29866559 17.071 4.818 332695279539 75 Maldives Asia 435015 17.2 3.157 3184015876 77 Mali Africa 16934220 43.843 11.001 13712563211 57 Malta Europe 434558 9.6 7.5 10674823026 82 Mauritania Africa 3930896 35.381 7.751 6866395922 64 Mauritius Africa 1260934 10.6 7.7 13648096649 74 Mexico North America 120355128 18.892 5.67 1263836399012 75 Micronesia Oceania 107446 23.365 6.611 338033697 67 Moldova Europe 2856950 10.759 11.386 10689562747 71 Mongolia Asia 2940108 26.053 6.296 12389164485 69 Montenegro Europe 621810 11.893 10.276 4548658066 76 Morocco Africa 34192347 20.684 5.142 106120314976 75 Mozambique Africa 26286163 38.993 10.628 18071491916 56 Myanmar Asia 52280807 18.264 8.377 64307272197 65 Namibia Africa 2273430 30.192 9.009 13095020139 61 Nepal Asia 26906926 21.18 6.555 20800339740 69 Netherlands Europe 16865008 10.4 8.3 876560828108 82 New Zealand Oceania 4509700 12.68 6.88 187849228853 81 Nicaragua North America 6142733 22.231 5.029 11244808826 73 Niger Africa 19240157 47.988 9.511 11298670841 60 Nigeria Africa 176404902 39.828 12.994 517951463622 53 North Macedonia Europe 2077775 11.215 9.73 10797437355 75 Norway Europe 5137232 11.5 7.9 537139521512 82 Oman Asia 4027260 21.005 2.592 76568080520 77 Pakistan Asia 195306825 29.318 7.176 240543638596 66 Panama North America 3901315 20.155 4.985 43640284166 78 Papua New Guinea Oceania 7946731 28.344 7.882 23770284730 63 Paraguay South America 6599526 21.413 5.412 38160833587 73 Peru South America 30090359 18.827 5.324 196351054551 76 Philippines Asia 100513138 22.935 5.78 334247023391 70 Poland Europe 38011735 9.9 9.9 515343641399 78 Portugal Europe 10401062 7.9 10.1 220418301201 81 Puerto Rico North America 3534874 9.7 8.5 68166124320 79 Qatar Asia 2459198 10.208 1.127 198914989301 80 Romania Europe 19908979 10 12.8 193056534464 75 Russia Asia 143819666 13.3 13.1 2137992977429 71 Rwanda Africa 11083635 32.863 5.801 8191241459 67 Samoa Oceania 192221 25.874 5.554 733763174 73 Sao Tome And Principe Africa 195727 33.508 5.232 319254135 69 Saudi Arabia Asia 30916994 19.969 3.407 789987737537 75 Senegal Africa 14174731 36.867 6.319 19522549591 66 Serbia Europe 7130576 9.3 14.2 44498603948 75 Seychelles Africa 91359 17 7.9 1219410960 73 Sierra Leone Africa 7017144 35.677 13.025 4877344090 52 Singapore Asia 5469724 9.8 4.7 308396902808 82 Sint Maarten (Dutch Part) North America 37685 14.1 4.7 1080265306 77 Slovak Republic Europe 5418649 10.2 9.5 99237946963 77 Slovenia Europe 2061980 10.3 9.2 48673696640 81 Solomon Islands Oceania 587079 33.766 4.444 1289609218 72 South Africa Africa 54545991 22.113 10.044 368462469620 62 South Korea Asia 50746659 8.6 5.3 1429108721005 82 South Sudan Africa 10554883 36.509 10.983 13158858190 57 Spain Europe 46480882 9.2 8.5 1353952700480 83 Sri Lanka Asia 20778000 16.849 6.282 75601403889 76 St. Lucia North America 178296 12.502 7.028 1576285931 75 St. Vincent And The Grenadines North America 108861 15.011 8.678 696072381 72 Sudan Africa 37977655 33.728 7.53 59538443108 64 Suriname South America 553278 19.537 7.114 5123441778 71 Sweden Europe 9696110 11.9 9.2 599863549335 82 Switzerland Europe 8188649 10.4 7.8 708776894186 83 Tajikistan Asia 8252833 32.241 5.322 11132384115 70 Tanzania Africa 49959822 38.302 7.503 47226664294 62 Thailand Asia 68438730 10.999 7.327 394296102521 76 Timor-Leste Asia 1174331 29.285 6.225 3163028279 68 Togo Africa 7137997 35.032 9.02 4557487310 60 Tonga Oceania 101028 25.756 7.245 464324855 70 Trinidad And Tobago North America 1362342 14.325 7.993 25287696788 73 Tunisia Africa 11063201 18.874 6.301 46075626104 76 Turkey Asia 77231907 16.94 5.436 975162941895 76 Turkmenistan Asia 5466328 26.418 7.122 39382084894 68 UAE Asia 9214175 10.958 1.366 408498689468 77 Uganda Africa 36912148 41.564 7.716 30240345440 61 Ukraine Europe 45272156 10.8 14.7 153112371183 71 United Kingdom Europe 64602298 12 8.8 2865519515281 81 United States North America 318301008 12.5 8.237 17781409349034 79 Uruguay South America 3400434 14.192 9.423 53821654200 77 Uzbekistan Asia 30757700 23.3 4.9 75922505736 71 Vanuatu Oceania 263888 31.174 5.489 823797871 70 Venezuela South America 30045134 19.394 6.197 392924529822 73 Vietnam Asia 91714595 17.315 6.06 172358561267 75 West Bank And Gaza Asia 4173398 31.885 3.495 14857577287 73 Yemen Asia 25823485 32.735 5.974 37717859271 66 Zambia Africa 15399753 38.645 7.565 27661033019 61 Zimbabwe Africa 13586681 34.978 9.277 17187131811 58