$1)$

Insurance allows the firm to exchange a$($n$)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_$ future loss for a certain $\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_$ expense.

$1)$

$\_\_\_\_\_\_\_$

A$)$

certain; upfront

B$)$

certain; afterward

C$)$

uncertain; upfront

D$)$

uncertain; afterward

$2)$