1. Major influences of competitors, costs, and customers on pricing decisions are factors of:

a. supply and demand.

b. activity-based costing and activity-based management.

c. key management themes that are important to managers attaining success in their planning and control decisions.

d. the value-chain concept.

2.The best opportunity for cost reduction is

a.during the manufacturing phase of the value chain. b. during the product-process design phase of the value chain. c. during the marketing phase of the value chain. d. during the distribution phase of the value chain.

3.Each month, Haddon Company has $275,000 total manufacturing costs (20% fixed) and $125,000 distribution and marketing costs (36% fixed). Haddon's monthly sales are $500,000. The markup percentage on full cost to arrive at the target (existing) selling price is

a. 25%

b. 75%

c. 80%

d. 20%