1. 1. Max Weber's statements on theprinciplesof bureaucratic organizations and on the idealtraitsof bureaucrats that emerge from these principles were the first clear articulation of what constitutes modern bureaucracy. They are well-known and have served as the model for defining bureaucracy for a century. Bureaucracies employ:

• A hierarchical structure, characterized by a chain-of-command management system
• Management by written, well-established rules followed by all
• Organization by functional specialty, with expertise residing in different units of the organization
• The purposeful, impersonal conduct of work - there should be no place for personal agendas and politics when conducting the organization's work efforts
• Hiring and promotion of personnel based on technical qualifications - nepotism, favoritism, bias toward some employees and discrimination against others should be avoided

1. a. Why is it important that governments adhere to these principles and traits?Focus on two of theprincipleslisted above, and show why it is necessary to follow them.Identify at least two traits of bureaucrats that flow from these principles(One-half page to one full-page response, single spaced.)

1. b. While national governments are universally "bureaucratic," many do not adhere to Weber's model, which identifies virtuous characteristics that should be followed (e.g., dictatorships, third world countries, theocracies do not follow Weber's model). What are some consequences of ignoring the precepts of the model in respect to government effectiveness? (One-half page to one full-page, single spaced.)

1. 2. For many years, bureaucracy was seen as an excellent way to deal with large scale operations and complexity. In recent years, however, bureaucracy has often been used as a dirty word. Explain how bureaucracy, with its obvious strengths, has become viewed by many people as something unpleasant and ineffective. (One page, single spaced.)

1. 3. This question examines the common phenomenon of bureaucratic infighting.

Governments are run by means of bureaucracies. At the highest level, a government is divided into functional areas in the form of ministries (e.g., Ministry of Health), agencies (e.g., Environmental Protection Agency), or departments (e.g., Department of Defense). Each of these entities is, in turn, broken into smaller components and subcomponents.

By the very nature of the missions they pursue, there is bound to be overlap in tasks pursued by different government entities. For example, in the United States, both the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Health and Human Services carry out duplicative efforts in order to promote nutrition.

It is also likely that different government entities may pursue missions that conflict with each other. For example, in the United States, the Department of Energy and the Department of the Interior pursue policies to exploit energy resources, while the Environmental Protection Agency's principal mission is to maintain a strong environment and combat pollution, which may work against the objectives of the Energy and Interior Departments.

A well-known example of bureaucratic infighting is tied to the attempt to get the Keystone Pipeline approved by Congress as well as President Obama in the mid-2010s. In early 2015, both the Senate and House of Representatives approved the project, but on 24 February, President Obama rejected it on environmental grounds. For the project to go forward, two-thirds of the Senate and House would need to vote in its favor to override the President's veto.

1. a. Consider two Executive Branch players: the Department of Energy (DoE) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Owing to their different missions, they have different views on the merits of the Keystone project. What would be DoE's position? What would be EPA's position? Explain the rational for your response. When bureaucratic infighting like this occurs, what kinds of actions do opposing sides take in order to have their perspective prevail?
2. b. In the case of the Keystone project, conflict extends beyond infighting within the Executive Branch. Briefly describe the conflicting perspectives of other players.