1. 'Medical technologies have not shaped society. Rather, society has shaped medical technologies.' Assess for the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

2. 'Modern medicine is based on knowledge gained by experiment, and this is the secret of its success.' Discuss.

3. 'Big promises and bigger disappointments.' Is that a fair summary of the history of science in medicine since 1789?

4. 'Read little, see much, do much', physicians and surgeons told their students in post-revolutionary Paris. To what extent did their successors follow this advice?

5. Who was viewed as responsible for preventing disease in Victorian cities?

6. 'Women are marked out by nature for very different offices in life from those of men' (Henry Maudsley, 1874). How, then, did the first women doctors justify their place in the medical profession?

7. Were there really two great revolutions in surgical practice during the nineteenth century?

8. 'It makes no sense to speak of a "standard model" for the production of industrial pharmaceuticals when this was organized so differently in different countries at different times.' Discuss.

9. 'The medical establishment has become a major threat to health' (Ivan Illich, 1976). What was 'the medical establishment' and why did Illich and others criticize it so fiercely?

10. EITHER (a) How did 'scientific management' change medicine in general and physiology in particular? OR (b) What does it mean to say that theories of human physiology have shifted 'from fixed capacities to performance enhancement'? Is this an accurate description of changes between c.1880 and 1950? (TURN OVER)

11. EITHER (a) An ongoing trend towards medicalization. Is this phrase a useful summary of the history of pregnancy and childbirth since 1750? OR (b) Is it generally true that reproductive technologies have been developed on animals first and then applied to women?

12. Have doctors been leaders in 'global health' and should this be their role?