1) ________ play a crucial role in releasing nutrients essential for plant growth to the soil.

A) Decomposers

B) Herbivores

C) Parasites

D) Producers

Deep in the ocean off the shore of Japan are communities nestled around hydrothermal ventswhere super-heated water springs from the bottom of the ocean. No sunlight ever penetrates tothese deep regions. In these communities, bacteria have special enzymes that allow them to formorganic matter by chemosynthesis. These communities frequently have worms, clams, shrimp, andmany other organisms clustered together.

2) In such a system, fish feed on shrimp that feed on the bacteria. This food chain represents a:

A) tertiary consumer eating a secondary consumer eating a primary consumer

B) primary consumer eating a secondary consumer eating a tertiary consumer

C) consumer eating a producer which then consumes chemoautotrophic bacteria

D) secondary consumer eating a primary consumer which then eats a producer

3) Chemosynthesis is:

A) a consumer that eats a producer.

B) a producer exists using the energy from inorganic chemicals.

C) a green pigment.

D) not producers in the ecosystem.

4) In a forest, deer, raccoons, squirrels, and other animals eat and find shelter. A detrital food web occurs as their wastes accumulate on the forest floor. In this detrital web:

A) decomposers function as consumers.

B) fungi and earthworms function as producers.

C) deer and raccoons function as the producers.

D) the deer and raccoons represent decomposers.

5) In rare ecosystems, we would not expect to find:

A) carbon compounds

B) chemosynthesis

C) chlorophyll

D) producers

6) A raccoon spends its week eating raspberries, grain, eggs, and grasshoppers. Raccoons are therefore:

A) carnivores

B) omnivores

C) herbivores

D) producers

7) The ability to feed the growing world population was addressed by the:

A) Green Revolution.

B) Medical Revolution.

C) Industrial Revolution.

D) Environmental Revolution.

8) Which problem today is primarily the result of the Industrial Revolution?

A) extensive air and water pollution

B) increased transmission of disease between people living in close proximity

C) decline in quality of agricultural soil

D) erosion from deforestation as more fuel wood is harvested

9) Which revolution may have the greatest impact on the future quality of life for people on Earth?

A) Industrial Revolution

B) Medical Revolution

C) Green Revolution

D) Environmental Revolution

10) According to demographer Joel Cohen, the human carrying capacity:

A) depends upon a standard of living.

B) can be calculated in the same way it is determined for other animal species.

C) can clearly be determined.

D) largely depends upon the availability of fresh water.

11) Better sanitation and nutrition generally resulted from the:

A) Industrial Revolution

B) Medical Revolution

C) Green Revolution

D) Environmental Revolution

12) A declining dependency ratio:

A) requires immediate and permanent increased spending on education and old-age medical expenses

B) requires increased spending on education but decreased costs associated with old-age medical expenses

C) requires permanently decreased spending on education but temporarily increased costs associated with old-age medical expenses

D) permits temporarily decreased spending on education and old-age medical expenses

13) The window of opportunity presented by the demographic dividend generally ends as:

A) people start having larger families

B) people live longer

C) economic pressures require more people to work

D) rural populations increase

14) In general, fertility rates:

A) decrease as per capita income increases

B) decrease as per capita income decreases

C) increase as per capita income increases

D) are unrelated to per capita income

15) Large families in poor countries:

A) are rare because having many children is expensive

B) are common, due largely because of low infant and childhood mortality

C) are common, in part because more children means more labor

D) is becoming more common as the use of modern agriculture increases

16) Increased availability of contraceptives in very poor nations is unlikely to decrease family size because:

A) families depend upon children for labor and support when the parents become old

B) infant and childhood mortality rates are already keeping family size low

C) the increased use of industry and technology has already decreased family size

D) poor families are already small because parents cannot afford to feed and house more than one or two children

17) In general, as countries become more industrialized and developed:

A) use of contraception decreases

B) the cost of raising children decreases

C) people marry at an earlier age

D) support of the elderly increases

18) Which of the following involves blue water?

A) percolation of water through soil

B) transpiration of water from leaves on a bright sunny day

C) evaporation of water from a lake on a windy day

D) the formation of a dense layer of fog on a cold fall day

19) Water is naturally purified by

A) evaporation and condensation.

B) transpiration and evaporation.

C) precipitation and infiltration.

D) condensation and transpiration.

20) The kinetic energy of water is at its lowest when:

A) rain forms

B) water evaporates

C) ice forms

D) water percolates through soil

21) Which of the following would we expect on the leeward sides of high mountain ranges?

A) deserts

B) rainforests

C) wetlands

D) deciduous forests

22) Which of the following contributes the most as a greenhouse gas?

A) oxygen levels in the air

B) water vapor levels in the air

C) nitrogen levels in the air

D) the amount of pollutants in ocean water

23) We expect the highest relative humidity on a soccer field during the summer on a:

A) hot afternoon during a drought

B) cool evening during a drought

C) hot afternoon following a heavy rain

D) cool evening after a heavy rain

24) About 99% of all liquid fresh water is found in:

A) underground aquifers.

B) rivers such as the Amazon, Nile, and Mississippi watersheds.

C) lakes, including the Great Lakes of North America.

D) the upper few meters of topsoil.

25) The greatest worldwide use of water is for

A) human consumption.

B) industry.

C) irrigation.

D) washing and flushing toilets