1. Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment which says that no state shall "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of he laws."

2. Racial segregation that occurs not as a result of government actions but because of social and economic conditions and residential patterns.

3. The right to vote; the franchise.

4. A policy that gives special consideration, in jobs and college admission, to members of groups that have been discriminated against in the past.