1. Since the AFL merger in 1967, the NFL has added 6 teams through expansion, while in about that same time frame, MLB has also expanded with 10 more teams. After the folding of the ABA and WHA, the NBA and NHL have added eight and 11, respectively. Since the demise of the USFL in the mid-80s, none of the Big-4 leagues has faced a serious challenge from an upstart league.

a. Motivation for a league expanding has often been attributed to a league wanting to expand its reach both physically and by in terms of large-media markets. In the context of protecting their monopolies in their respective sports, what are two additional motivations for league expansion? Explain.

b. The only new professional sporting league to receive longer-run success since the mid-80's is Major League Soccer (MLS). What is one reasons you can see why the MLS would be successful where other leagues have failed to catch on? Explain your answer in terms of substitutes/complements and/or elasticities.