1.

"The diagram below shows that high settler mortality caused low institutional quality in the 20th century (as proxied by the protection against risk of expropriation index)." 10 USA NZL CAN AUS SGP HKG IND GMB 8 MYS GAB MERTIS IDN MLT COL JAM ZAF MM CMR GIN Average protection against expropriation risk, 1985-95 LKA DOM GHA ET SHAK RISEN BER SLE NGA HND NIC AGO SLV NER COG BEA MDG SDN MLI HTI ZAR Log of Settler Mortality FIGURE 3. FIRST-STAGE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SETTLER MORTALITY AND EXPROPRIATION RISK O True O False