1) The first operating system was a uniprogramming O/S but this quickly gave way to multiprogramming O/S. What is referred to as multiprogramming? ( 2 marks) 2) (a) Which OS is referred to as Embedded Operating System? ( 2 marks) (b) List any 4 devices that can run this O/S. (2 marks) 3) (a) Regardless of the type of O/S, most operating systems are made up of 6 distinct components/managers. List out these 6 distinct components/managers. (3 marks). (b) What four tasks must each manager perform? (4marks) 4) Write a short note on Real-time operating systems. (4 marks) 5) (a) In operating systems, what is referred to as a process? (2marks) (b) With a suitable diagram/ illustration, describe the different states a process can be in. (5 marks) 7. Using a suitable computer science example, describe what is referred to as Spawning. ( 3 marks) 8. With the aid of diagrams ONLY, illustrate the different Multithreading Models. ( 3 marks) 9. A good scheduling policy strives to maximize Throughput, minimize Turnaround time, Minimize Waiting time, minimize Response time, while maximizing CPU efficiency. Define the underlined words. (4 marks) 10. Assuming the table below is the job table for a uni-processing computer system. (a) Copy and complete the table for (i) FCFS scheduling algorithm (4 marks) (ii) Priority scheduling (4marks) (b) Draw the gantt chart, assuming the system is using Round Robin (quantum =20mins ) ( 3 marks) 11. Why do processes 'age'? ( 3 marks) 12. The Moniya community has a large piece of land for farming, which they usually divide into several plots yearly. In 2022, they adopted a scheme whereby each farmer was to request the size of plot that he needed for planting. This exact size is then allotted to him. If he harvests his crops and is done with the land, another farmers' need may be carved out of that plot. a) Using your knowledge of Memory management, which computer term would you give each to the farmers and the land? ( 3 marks) b) From your understanding, what would you call the scheme employed above? With suitable diagram(s) describe this scheme in O/S terms and be sure to mention the problem this scheme created (if any). (5 marks) 13. Most recent computing devices have multiple processors and this was invented, in a bid to increase throughput. With an appropriate diagram, discuss the multiprocessing configuration you think recent systems employ. (4 marks)