1. The following measurements were made over a short grass surface on a Winter night when no evaporation or condensation occurred Outgoing longwave radiation from the surface = 365 W/m (negative) Incoming langwave radiation from the atmosphere = 295 W/m (positive) Ground heat flux from the soil = 45 W/m2 (positive) (a) Calculate the apparent (equivalent blackbody temperature of the surface (b) Calculate the actual surface temperature if the surface emissivity is 0,92 (c) Estimate the sensible heat flux to or from air 2. (*) Estimate the combined sensible and latent heat fluxes from the surface to the atmosphere, given the following observations: Incoming shortwave radilution - 300 W/m (positive) Heat flux to the submedium - 150 W/m (positive) Albedo of the surface = 0.35 (b) What would be the result if the surface albedo were to drop to 0.07 after irrigation? 3. The following measurements or estimates were made of the radiative Puxes over a short grass surface during a clear sunny day: Incoming shortwave radiation 675 W/m Incoming longwave radiation - 390 W/m! Ground surface temperature - 35C Albedo of the surface 0.20 Emissivity of the surface - 0.92 (a) From the radiation balance equation, calculate the net radiation at the surface. (b) What would be the net radiation after the surface is thoroughly watered so that its albedo drops to 0.10 and its effective surface temperature reduces to 25C (c) Qualitatively discuss the effect of watering en other energy fluxes to or from the surface. 4. Show that the variation of about 28% in terrestrial radiation in Figure 3.4(Chapter 1, Arya) is consistent with the obrerved range of 10-30C in surface temperatures 5. Explain the nature and causes of depletion of the solar radiation in passing thesugh the atmosphere 6. Discuss the consequences of the absorption of longwave radiation by atmospheric gases and the so-called greenhouse 7. Discuss the merits of the proposition that net radiation En can be deduced from the measurements of solar radiation Bu during the daylight hours, using the empirical expression Ri= A Rs where and are constants, on wluit factors and expected to depend? R. (a) thriscuss the importance and consequences of the radiative flux divergence at night above a grans surface. (b) of the net on wave radiation fluxes at 1 and 10 m above the surface are - 135 and 150 W/m, respectively, calculate the rate of cooling or warming in C/hr due to radiation alone 9. The following measurements were made at night from a meteorological tower: Net radiation at the 2 m level = -125 W/m Net radiation at the 100 m level = 165 W/m Sensible heat flux at the surface = -75 W/m- Planetary boundary layer height=80m elect Calculate the average rate of cooling in the PBL due to the following: (a) The radiative flux divergence (b) The sensible heat flux divergence