1: The goal(s) of statistical procedures are to A. predict or infer what might happen in the future B. describe what has happened C. neither A nor B is correct D. both A and B are correct Q2: Parameter A. descriptive area of Q4: Statistical A. B. C. D. E. A. descriptive statistics B. inferential statistics questions tend to fall into what two main categories? samples or populations relationships or differences relationships or categories differences or categories none of the above is to population as _________ is to sample B. statistic C. margin of error D. inferential Q3: The concept of generalizing from a few observations to an entire group is central to the Q5: An example of inferential statistics would be A. based on previous data, prediction of the expected number of fans who will show up to a Tuesday night professional baseball game B. calculating the number of people who actually showed up to a professional baseball game For the following 4 questions (Q6 to Q9) identify the scale of measurement. Use the following system: A. ratio B. interval C. ordinal D. nominal Q6: Gender Q7: The amount of time it takes you to shower Q8: The Fahrenheit temperature scale Q9: Students voting for their preferred professors by ranking them For the following 2 questions (Q10 to Q11) identify the following variables as either measurement or categorical. Use the following system: A. categorical B. measurement Q10: Academic letter grade (i.e. A, A-, B+, B, and so forth) Q11: The number of points earned on a statistics exam For the following 2 questions (Q12 to Q13) identify the following variables as either discrete or continuous. Use the following system: A. continuous B. discrete Q12: The time elapsed since last Christmas Q13: The number of cats you own The following 4 questions (Q14 to Q17) are based on the following situation: A biologist was investigating the number of eggs laid by snakes. She believes there is a difference between Rattlesnakes and King Cobras. Q14: What is the independent variable? Q15: What is the dependent variable? Q16: What is the scale of measurement of the dependent variable? Q17: Is the dependent variable discrete or continuous? Q18: A researcher was investigating whether gender, age of the student, and GPA of the student had a bearing on how much alcohol the average Ohio University student would drink on a typical weekend. How many dependent variables are involved with this research? A. four B. three C. two D. one The following 2 questions (Q19 to Q20) are based on the following situation: A quality control supervisor measures the quality of steel ingot on a scale from 0 to 10. He designs an experiment in which three different temperatures and five different pressures are utilized, with 20 ingots produced at each Temperature-Pressure combination. Q19: What is/are the independent variable(s)? A. quality of steel B. temperature C. pressure D. two of the above are correct Q20: What is/are the dependent variable(s)? A. quality of steel B. temperature C. pressure D. two of the above are correct The following 4 questions (Q21 to Q24) are based on the following article: PER CAPITA INCOME OF U.S. SPRINKS RELATIVE TO OTHER COUNTRIES (from UTTS, 2005, page 24) An independent research group, the Institute for Foreign Investment, has noted that the per capita income of Americans has been shrinking relative to some other countries. Using per capita income figures from the World Almanac and exchange rates from last Friday's financial pages, the organization warned that per capita income for the United States has risen only 10% during the past 5 years, whereas per capita income for certain other countries has risen 50%. The researchers concluded that more foreign investment should be allowed in the United States to bolster the sagging economy. Use the following system to answer Q21 to Q24: A. Component 1 B. Component 2 C. Component 3 D. Component 4 E. Component 5 F. Component 6 G. Component 7 Q21: What is one of the three components that (according to Utts) was BOTH relevant and NOT properly discussed within the article? Q22: What is the second of the three components that (according to Utts) was BOTH relevant and NOT properly discussed within the article? Q23: What is the third of the three components that (according to Utts) was BOTH relevant and NOT properly discussed within the article? Q24: According to Utts, which of the components was considered a 'major problem'? For the following 3 questions (Q25 to Q27) identify which one of the seven pitfalls when asking a question applies to each of the following potential survey questions. Use the following system: A. Deliberate bias B. Unintentional bias C. Desire to please D. Asking the uninformed E. Unnecessary complexity F. Ordering of questions G. Confidentiality and anonymity Q25: Don't you think that Ohio University students shouldn't receive consequences from the university for illegal behavior that doesn't occur on campus? Q26: Do you agree that this huge win tonight has to be the biggest win of your 25-year collegiate coaching career? Q27: Do you use drugs? Q28: "Please list the most important factors associated with academic success here at Ohio University". This is an example of A. an open-ended question/statement B. a closed-ended question/statement C. a common pitfall when asking survey questions/statements D. deliberate bias Q29: A survey was conducted with 900 Ohio University students. One of the conclusions from this survey was that 55% of the students believed the academics at Ohio University were 'very strong'. Based on these sample results, are you convinced that a majority (i.e. over 50%) of all students believe the academics are 'very strong'? A. No B. Yes Q30: ___________ refers to unpredictable errors or discrepancies that are not easily explained. A. Reliability B. Validity C. Variability D. Bias Q31: A professor's weight scale is always 10 pounds too light. Which of the following best describes the scale's measurements of weight? A. unreliable B. biased C. variability D. validity For the following 4 situations (Q32 to Q35) identify which sampling method should be utilized by the researcher. Use the following system: A. simple random sampling B. systematic random sampling C. cluster sampling D. stratified sampling E. random digit dialing F. multistage sampling Q32: A researcher was interested in researching the volunteer hours of sorority sisters at Ohio University. She obtains a list of all 14 sororities. From the list she selects 5 sororities and samples everybody in each of those 5 sororities. Q33: Ohio University wants to investigate satisfaction for freshmen students at the end of their first year of classes. Therefore, the university uses a computer and selects every 10th student from an alphabetical list of approximately 4000 names. Q34: In a survey of Athens county voters, a researcher divides her sampling frame into age brackets (e.g., 18-35, 36-50, 51-75, etc.) and randomly samples 100 individuals from each age bracket. Q35: United Airlines wants to investigate customer satisfaction from their passengers. Therefore, the researchers for United divided the country into 4 regions; the West, the Midwest, the South, and the East. Random samples of 3 specific flights were chosen in each region and every passenger on those flights was asked to complete a satisfaction questionnaire. The following 5 questions (Q36 to Q40) are either "True" or "False" Q36: UTTS considers 'Getting a volunteer sample' a "difficulty in sampling". Q37: A 'meta-analysis' is an in-depth examination of one or a small number of individuals. Q38: 'Experiments' measure the effect of manipulating the environment in some waythen measure the result on the feature being manipulated on an outcome. Q39: A 'census' is a survey in which the entire population is measured. Q40: 'Case studies' are used to make inferences about larger populations. The following 6 summation questions (Q41 to Q46) are based on the table below: XY 7 -4 30 -2 6 -1 3 44 Q41: XY Q42: (X - 2Y) Q43: Y2+10 Q44: (X)2 + Y Q45: XY Q46: (X) - (Y)