1.) The Table below shows Canadian industries that use small and large amounts of debt respectively. Explain why these industries choose the debt policies they do. Except possibly in the case of the mining industry, you should be able to find a rationale that applies to the whole group of 4 industries, and not have to explain each industry separately.

Debt/Equity Ratios for Canadian Industries
	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
Low debt
Repair, maintenance and personal services	0.73	0.722	0.829	0.78	0.72
Professional, scientific and technical services	0.86	0.547	0.56	0.674	0.653
Educational and healthcare services (private, non-gov't)	0.81	0.77	0.681	0.693	0.656
Mining	0.508	0.564	0.503	0.73	0.673
High Debt
Construction	1.699	1.57	1.593	1.565	1.477
Motor vehicle and parts dealers	2.656	2.516	2.629	2.378	1.683
Real estate	2.134	1.944	1.869	1.994	1.926
Machinery and equipment rental and leasing	1.904	1.962	1.975	1.864	1.668

2.) Look at the accompanying file with Apple's financial statements from 2010-2012 and explain why Apple used no debt financing during this period

APPLE THREE-YEAR FINANCIAL HISTORY FY 2012 FY 2011 FY 2010 $60,949 95,559 156,508 $41,812 66,437 108,249 $28,633 36,592 65,225 64,431 39,541 Results of Operations (in 9 millions, except shares in thousands, per share amounts) Net sales: Domestic International Total net sales Costs and operating expenses: Cost of sales Research and development (R&D) Selling, general and administrative (SG&A) Total operating expenses Operating income Other income/(expense), net Income before provision for income taxes Provision for income taxes Net income Diluted earnings per share Shares used in computing diluted earnings per share (in thousands) Cash dividends declared per common share 87,846 3,381 10,040 13,421 1,782 5517 7,299 55,241 522 55,763 14,030 2,429 7,599 10,028 33,790 415 34,205 8,283 18,385 155 18,540 4,527 $41.733 $25,922 $14,013 $44.15 945,355 $2.65 $27.68 936,645 $0.00 $15.15 924,712 $0.00 Financial Position ($ millions) September 29, 2012 September 24, 2011 September 25, 2010 Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities Accounts receivable, net Inventories Property, plant and equipment, net Total assets Current liabilities Non-current liabilities Shareholders' equity $121,251 $10,930 $791 $15,452 $176,064 $38,542 $19,312 $118,210 $81,570 $5,369 $776 $7,777 $116,371 $27,970 $11,786 $76,615 $51,011 $5,510 $1,051 $4,768 $75,183 $20,722 $6,670 $47,791 Other Data (Unaudited) Regular employees Temporary employees and contractors September 29, 2012 September 24, 2011 September 25, 2010 72,800 60,400 46,600 3,300 2,900 2,800 FY 2012 FY 2011 FY 2010 International net sales as a percentage of total net sales Gross margin as a percentage of net sales R&D as a percentage of net sales SG&A as a percentage of net sales Operating income as a percentage of net sales Return on net sales Price range per common share 6196 61% 43.9% 40.5% 2% 296 696 7% 35% 31% 27% 2496 $354.24 - $705.07 $275.00 - $422.86 56% 39.4% 396 8% 2896 21% $180.70 - $293.53 APPLE THREE-YEAR FINANCIAL HISTORY FY 2012 FY 2011 FY 2010 $60,949 95,559 156,508 $41,812 66,437 108,249 $28,633 36,592 65,225 64,431 39,541 Results of Operations (in 9 millions, except shares in thousands, per share amounts) Net sales: Domestic International Total net sales Costs and operating expenses: Cost of sales Research and development (R&D) Selling, general and administrative (SG&A) Total operating expenses Operating income Other income/(expense), net Income before provision for income taxes Provision for income taxes Net income Diluted earnings per share Shares used in computing diluted earnings per share (in thousands) Cash dividends declared per common share 87,846 3,381 10,040 13,421 1,782 5517 7,299 55,241 522 55,763 14,030 2,429 7,599 10,028 33,790 415 34,205 8,283 18,385 155 18,540 4,527 $41.733 $25,922 $14,013 $44.15 945,355 $2.65 $27.68 936,645 $0.00 $15.15 924,712 $0.00 Financial Position ($ millions) September 29, 2012 September 24, 2011 September 25, 2010 Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities Accounts receivable, net Inventories Property, plant and equipment, net Total assets Current liabilities Non-current liabilities Shareholders' equity $121,251 $10,930 $791 $15,452 $176,064 $38,542 $19,312 $118,210 $81,570 $5,369 $776 $7,777 $116,371 $27,970 $11,786 $76,615 $51,011 $5,510 $1,051 $4,768 $75,183 $20,722 $6,670 $47,791 Other Data (Unaudited) Regular employees Temporary employees and contractors September 29, 2012 September 24, 2011 September 25, 2010 72,800 60,400 46,600 3,300 2,900 2,800 FY 2012 FY 2011 FY 2010 International net sales as a percentage of total net sales Gross margin as a percentage of net sales R&D as a percentage of net sales SG&A as a percentage of net sales Operating income as a percentage of net sales Return on net sales Price range per common share 6196 61% 43.9% 40.5% 2% 296 696 7% 35% 31% 27% 2496 $354.24 - $705.07 $275.00 - $422.86 56% 39.4% 396 8% 2896 21% $180.70 - $293.53