1. Trait approaches . Leadership traits-positive task-oriented traits and positiveegative interpersonal attributes . Gender studies-motivating others, fostering communication, producing high-quality work, and so on 2. Behavioral approaches Task-oriented behavior-initiating-structure and transactional leadership . Relationship-oriented behavior-three behaviors: consideration, empowering leadership, and servant leadership . Passive behavior-laissez-faire leadership 3. Situational approaches . Fiedler's contingency model-task-oriented style and relationship-oriented style-and three dimensions of control: leader-member, task structure, position power . House's path-goal revised leadership model-clarifying paths for subordinates' goals, and employee characteristics and environmental factors that affect leadership behaviors 4. Transformational leadership approach . Transformational leadership-transform employees to pursue organizational goals over self- interests, using inspirational motivation, idealized influence, individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation 5. Three additional perspectives . Leader-member exchange (LMX) model-leaders have different sorts of relationships with different subordinates . E-Leadership-using information technology for one-to-one, one-to-many, and between group and collective interactions . Followers-we also describe the role of followers in the leadership process