1. Types of waste: overproduction, waiting, transportation, inventory, motion, over-processing, and defects. 2. Mechanism that stops a mistake from being made or makes the mistake immediately obvious (e.g. RFID to scan/check for missing sponges at the end of surgery). 3. Costs incurred to eliminate or minimize appraisal and failure costs (e.g. training such as Six Sigma or automatiion