1. Under normal conditions, which of the following would be most likely to increase the coupon rate required to enable a bond to be issued at par?

a. Adding a call provision.

b. The rating agencies change the bond's rating from Baa to Aaa.

c. Making the bond a first mortgage bond rather than a debenture.

d. Adding a sinking fund.

e. Adding additional restrictive covenants that limit management's actions.