1. What are the conditions necessary to establish causality? Can these conditions be fully met in the following research paradigms: field experiment; organizational survey; and quasi-experiment? Why or why not? Please ensure that your answer shows your mastery of the determinants of causality and their presence in these research paradigms.

2. When selecting an employee for a job, one may build a statistical model to see which employee is predicted to have the highest level of future job performance. However, it is possible to make an error in your decision of who to hire (e.g., hiring someone who might later lose the company money). Explain the two types of errors. Then, explain which error is worse to make in this particular scenario. Name another scenario in which the other type of error is worse.

3. Below is an output of a regression analysis. Using the output, explain the findings. Then, describe the most likely research method for the study's methodology. Explain as much as you can. Hint: think about what you have learned this semester and what kind of study would likely have this kind of output. Do not make up an overly elaborate story, you will not be given points for creativity. Excellent responses will include all of the basic considerations of conducting research. Poor responses will not consider important factors.

Model Summary Adjusted R Std. Error of Model R R Square Square the Estimate 1 457 209 185 23.417 a. Predictors: (Constant), Biological sex of participant, Exam Anxiety, Time Spent Revising ANOVA Sum of Model Squares df Mean Square F Sig Regression 14348.948 3 4782.983 8.722 000 Residual 54288.256 95 548.366 Total 68637.204 102 a. Dependent Variable: Exam Performance (%) b. Predictors: (Constant), Biological sex of participant, Exam Anxiety, Time Spent Revising Coefficients Standardized Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig. 1 Constant) 89.026 17.941 4.962 000 Time Spent Revising 246 .182 172 1.349 .180 Exam Anxiety -.481 .192 -.319 -2.506 014 Biological sex of participant -1.040 4.648 -.020 -.224 .823 a. Dependent Variable: Exam Performance (%)