1. What does the descriptive research reveal about decision making by managers and administrators in most organizations? 2. How does the Vroom-Yetton normative model explain the effects of a decision procedure? 3. What are some ways to encourage participation in making a decision? 4. What are the potential benefits of delegation, and when is it most likely to be successful? 5. What are some guidelines for effective use of delegation? 6. Why do some managers find it so difficult to delegate or share power? 7. What are the essential elements of psychological empowerment? 8. How is empowering leadership related to participative leadership and delegation.