1: What has the research dealing with the impact of unions on productivity tended to find?

A: Unambiguously negative because of the imposition of inefficient work practices

B: Since there are potentially offsetting factors at work, the net effect is ambiguous.

C: Unambiguously positive because the high degree of capital intensity causes employers to quicken the pace of work

D: Unambiguously positive because unionized workers exhibit lower degrees of turnover

2: In the context of estimating the union wage effect, "selection bias" refers to the fact that:

A: the union status of a worker might have an impact on the union wage level, but the union wage level might have an impact on the union status of a worker, which would confound estimation of the union wage effect.

B: union workers are likely to be very similar to their non-union counterparts as far as their productivity levels are concerned, which would confound estimation of the union wage effect.

C: union workers might actually have unobservable attributes that cause their productivity levels to be higher than that of their non-union counterparts, which would confound estimation of the union wage effect.

D: the event of whether or not a worker is unionized is random, which would confound estimation of the union wage effect.

E: the actual union status of all workers might be mis-reported in the data on wages, which would confound estimation of the union wage effect

3: Which of the following describes the intuition behind the deadweight losses that might arise from a union wage?

A: When the labour union imposes a higher wage on the employer, the firm responds by reducing its quantity demanded of labour

B: Sometimes the union will engage in Pareto efficient bargaining with the employer, which will result in lower employment levels

C: Workers in the unionized sector are less productive than workers in the non-union sector

D: Workers who are rationed out of the union sector have a lower marginal product when they are employed in the non-union sector

E: Unions that engage in unduly aggressive bargaining risk driving their employer bankrupt

4: All of the following refer to statistical techniques employed to estimate the union/non-union wage effect with the exception of:

A: longitudinal studies

B: instrumental variable analysis

C: regression discontinuity

D: case studies

E: propensity score matching