1. What was Chester Barnard's contribution to organization theory? 2. How does a learning organization differ from a traditional organization? 3. Briefly define the horizontal, hollow, modular, network, and virtual organization designs. How do these differ from the classical design? How do they better meet the challenges of the new environment? 4. What is meant by the term organizational culture? Define it and give some examples of its characteristics. 5. How does a dominant culture differ from a subculture? In your answer be sure to define both terms. 6. How do organizational cultures develop? What four steps commonly occur? 7. How do organizations go about maintaining their cultures? What steps are involved? Describe them