1. \"When in doubt, choose letter C!\" This theory has been taught to students when unsure of a multiple-choice answer on quizzes and tests. 0f the 4 quizzes proctored this semester, the total observed answer choice frequencies are provided in the following table. Answer Choice A B C D E Quiz 4 \"ma Total 7 11 22 Using a 0.05 signicance level, you want to test the claim that the actual equencies correspond to the same proportions for each answer choice A E (i.e., 0.2). What is the value of the test statistic? a. 2.63 b. 6.61 c. 9.61 d 10.22 e. Cannot be determined with the given information . Research has shown that plyometric training during the off season can show performance improvements in both collegiate Male & Female Long jumpers. The GWU Track coach developed a new plyometric training block during the off season for August 2022 in a hope to increase athlete's performance in the long jump. The jump distances were collected for each participant (1) before and (2) after the August 2022 training block and are given in the table below. The sample standard deviation of the differences between the jump distances before and after the training is 3.2786. Using a 0.05 signicance level, you need to test the claim that the plyometric training was effective in improving jump performance. Post Training Distance (2) ml\" What is the most appropriate test for the given claim? . One sample ztest . Two sample ztest . Two sample pooled t-test Two sample unpooled ttest . Paired t-test 3. University Hospital is looking at why in scal year 2021 (FY21) there was an uptick in surgical site infections ($81) in GYNfONC cases. One of the many variables they are taking a closer look at is the BMIs of the patients that have experienced a surgical site infection. FY21 there were 500 GYNIONC procedures done at this hospital. The average BMI of these women was 33.2 kg/'m2 and a standard deviation of 6.5 kg/m2 (assuming normal distribution). If you were to pick a woman 'om this group, what is the probability that her BMI would be greater than 30 kg/mz? a. 0.688 b. 0.93 c. 0.0014 (1. 2.5 e. 0.0139 . Mexico City remains one of the top honeymoon destinations for newlyweds over the past two decades. With the rise of tourists to this honeymoon getaway comes an increase in Giardia cases. Giardia is found in Mexico's water, soil, and food For a heterosexual married couple, suppose the probability at least one partner has Giardia is 12%. The probability that the man has Giardia is 12%. The probability that both partners have Giardia is 6%. What is the probability that the woman has Giardia? a. 12% b. 1 1% c. 10% d. 6% e. 5% . A Kaiser Family Foundation report entitled \"The Red/Blue Divide in COVlD-19 Vaccination Rates Continues: An Update\" was released in 2022. As a public health researcher, this topic is of interest to you. The Foundation's polling found that the COVID-19 vaccination rates continue to be lower in counties that voted for Trump versus counties that voted for Biden in 2020. Using a 0.05 signicance level, you want to test the claim that COVlD-19 vaccination rates are associated with voting patterns. Based on the data, the p-va.1ue corresponding to the test statistic used to test this claim is found to be 0.02. What should you conclude? a. Because 0.02 > 0.05, we reject Ho and conclude there is not sufcient evidence to support the claim that vaccination is associated with voting patterns. . Because 0.02 > 0.05, we fail to reject Ho and conclude there is not sufcient evidence to support the claim that vaccination rates are associated with voting patterns. . Because 0.02 0.05, so the researchers failed to reject the null hypothesis. 7. Children under the age of five make up 6% of the total population (83,161) in Cicero, IL. Elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) of over 3.5 ug/dL are recorded in 4% of children under the age of five in Cicero, IL with a normal distribution. The mean recorded BLL in children under the age of five is 3.4 ug/dL with a standard deviation of 0.9 ug/dL. If 45 children in Cicero, IL receive blood tests, find the probability that their desired mean BLL will fall between 17 umol/L and 20 umol/L. Note that 1 ug/dL = 5.59 umol/L. a. 0.9999 b. 0.9044 C. 0.8606 d. 0.5045 e. 0.00018. A study conducted at George Washington University found that among the 1645 surveyed, 54.4% were willing to masks inside (group 1) while 45.6% were not willing to wear masks inside (group 2). Additionally, 850 in group 1 were vaccinated and boosted for COVID-19 and 375 in group 2 were vaccinated and boosted for COVID-19. Using a 0.05 significance level, you need to test the claim that the proportion of people who were vaccinated is lower among those who do not wear masks inside. What is the value of the test statistic you should use to test the given hypothesis? a. 0.763 b. 1.213 c. 4.594 d. 12.348 e. 20.834 9. A study was conducted to measure the differences in total monthly exercise time in December 2021 and January 2022 for 10 subjects. The purpose of this study was to test the claim that New Year's resolutions do not impact exercise time. The results of the study are shown below. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean of the differences and choose the appropriate interpretation. 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 December 2021 360 180 500 20 960 0 1200 450 120 750 January 2022 400 170 450 120 1000 30 | 1680 400 120 700 a. Using the 95% confidence interval (-78.65 to -7.35), we reject the null hypothesis and conclude there is sufficient evidence that New Year's resolutions do impact exercise time. . Using the 95% confidence interval (-78.65 to -7.35), we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude is sufficient evidence to warrant rejection of the claim that New Year's resolutions do not impact exercise time. c. Using the 95% confidence interval (-155.75 to 69.75), we reject the null hypothesis and conclude there is sufficient evidence to warrant rejection of the claim that New Year's resolutions do not impact exercise time. d. Using the 95% confidence interval (-155.75 to 69.75), we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude there is not sufficient evidence to warrant rejection of the claim that New Year's resolutions do not impact exercise time. e. Not enough information to calculate the confidence interval.10. External ventricular drains (EVDs) are pressure-based drainage systems designed to remove cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the ventricular system. Much like a chest tube or a lumbar drain, the rate of fluid removed from the ventricular system is determined by setting a pressure scale based on the patient's intracranial pressure (ICP). There are several indications for EVD placement, including acute symptomatic hydrocephalus, subarachnoid hemorrhage, meningitis or ventriculitis, monitoring of increased ICP due to a space occupying lesion (ie stroke, tumor, etc), management of intraoperative brain edema, and as an adjunct for a malfunctioning ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS). The main contraindications for EVD placement include bleeding disorders, use of anticoagulant medications, and an active scalp infection or brain abscess. The most common indication for EVD placement in the United States is post-aneurysmal rupture subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). There is currently no agreed upon protocol for EVD usage in this context, and EVD management is largely an experience-driven artform. Researchers in the Department of Neurosurgery at Massachusetts General Hospital conducted a single institution randomized controlled trial to determine whether continuous or intermittent EVD drainage was more effective at reducing length of EVD placement, ICU admission length, the need for delayed VPS placement, and the frequency of symptomatic vasospasm. Using the following table, calculate the appropriate test statistic to determine whether the use of an intermittent drainage protocol was associated with reduced EVD duration. Continuous Intermittent Drainage Drainage N 100 100 Mean EVD Duration 15.2 days 10.6 days Standard deviation 2 days 3 days a. t= -12.76 b. t= -1.31 C. Z= -12.76 d. z=-1.31 e. Cannot be determined with the available information