____ 1) Which is NOT considered to be a primary function of the respiratory
system?

(A) regulation of water balance
(B) regulation of pH balance
(C) protection against pathogens
(D) vocalization
(E) gas exchange

______ (2) Place the following structures of the respiratory tree in the order in which air
passes through them.

1. secondary bronchi
2. bronchioles
3. primary bronchi
4. alveoli
5. terminal bronchioles

(A) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5
(B) 1, 3, 5, 2, 4
(C) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4
(D) 3, 1, 2, 5, 4
(E) 1, 3, 2, 5, 4

______ (3) The lungs are enclosed in ________ membranes.

(A) pericardial
(B) pulmonary
(C) pleural
(D) thoracic
(E) costal

______ (4) Which of the following features of the alveolar sacs allows for the ease of
diffusion of gasses?

(A) They are made of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium.
(B) Type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant.
(C) Elastin fibers allow the alveoli to stretch thin enough for diffusion to occur.
(D) They are made of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium and elastin
fibers allow the alveoli to stretch thin enough for diffusion to occur.

______ (5) Surfactant

(A) protects the surface of the lungs.
(B) phagocytizes small particulate matter.
(C) replaces mucus in the alveoli.
(D) helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing.
(E) is not found in healthy lung tissue.

______ (6) When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

(A) the volume of the thorax increases.
(B) the volume of the thorax decreases.
(C) the volume of the lungs decreases.
(D) the lungs collapse.
(E) expiration occurs.

?
______ (7) Air moves into the lungs because

(A) the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure.
(B) the volume of the lungs decreases with inspiration.
(C) the thorax is muscular.
(D) contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the pleural cavity.
(E) All of the answers are correct.

______ (8) Air moves out of the lungs because

(A) the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure.
(B) the volume of the lungs decreases with expiration.
(C) the thorax is muscular.
(D) contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the pleural cavity.
(E) All of the answers are correct.

______ (9) In the lungs, the

(A) blood flow rate is higher and the blood pressure is lower, respectively, than
the blood flow rate and the blood pressure in other tissues.
(B) blood flow rate is higher and the blood pressure is higher, respectively, than
the blood flow rate and the blood pressure in other tissues.
(C) blood flow rate is lower and the blood pressure is lower, respectively, than
the blood flow rate and the blood pressure in other tissues.
(D) blood flow rate is lower and the blood pressure is higher, respectively, than
the blood flow rate and the blood pressure in other tissues.
(E) blood flow rate and the blood pressure are the same as in other tissues.


Questions 10 to 13. Match the lung volume with its description. (An answer may be used more than once or not at all.)

A. tidal volume
B. inspiratory reserve volume
C. expiratory reserve volume
D. residual volume

______ (10) the additional air inhaled after a normal inspiration

______ (11) the minimum amount of air always present in the respiratory system, after
blowing out all you can

______ (12) the extra amount actively (forcibly) exhaled after a normal exhalation

______ (13) the amount of air taken in during a single normal inspiration

Questions 14 to 18. Match the lung capacity with its description. (An answer may be used more than once or not at all.)

A. total lung capacity
B. inspiratory capacity
C. vital capacity
D. functional residual capacity

______ (14) the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal breath

______ (15) the sum of all the lung volumes

______ (16) the amount of air inhaled during an active (forced) inspiration

______ (17) the total amount of air that can be exchanged at will

______ (18) The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the
pharynx forms a ________.


Questions 19 to 23. Match the type of breathing with its description. (An answer may be used more than once or not at all.)

A. hyperpnea
B. hyperventilation
C. tachypnea
D. dyspnea
E. apnea

______ (19) cessation of breathing

______ (20) increased respiratory rate and/or volume without increased metabolism

______ (21) increased respiratory rate and/or volume due to increased metabolism

______ (22) rapid breathing

______ (23) difficulty breathing


?
______ (24) The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood
and interstitial fluids is

(A) pulmonary ventilation.
(B) external respiration.
(C) diffusion.
(D) cellular respiration.
(E) breathing.

______ (25) Which of the following characteristics makes hemoglobin’s structure
such a good match for its function as an oxygen carrier?

(A) Each hemoglobin molecule can bind one oxygen molecule.
(B) Each hemoglobin molecule can bind two oxygen molecules.
(C) Each hemoglobin molecule can bind four oxygen molecules.
(D) Each hemoglobin molecule can’t be saturated by oxygen molecules.
(E) Each hemoglobin binds irreversibly to an oxygen molecule.

______ (26) Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is

(A) dissolved in plasma.
(B) bound to hemoglobin.
(C) in ionic form as solute in the plasma.
(D) bound to a plasma protein.
(E) carried by white blood cells.

______ (27) Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

(A) solute dissolved in the plasma.
(B) carbaminohemoglobin.
(C) bicarbonate ions.
(D) solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells.
(E) carbonic acid.

______ (28) The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

(A) oxygen.
(B) carbon dioxide.
(C) bicarbonate ion.
(D) sodium ion.
(E) hemoglobin.

?
______ (29) Protective reflexes of the lungs include

(A) coughing.
(B) bronchoconstriction.
(C) bronchodilation.
(D) bronchodilation and coughing.
(E) coughing and bronchoconstriction.


Questions 30 to 34. Match the lung disease to its description. (An answer may be used more than once or not at all.)

A. fibrotic lung disease
B. emphysema
C. asthma
D. pulmonary edema

______ (30) destruction of alveoli


______ (31) thickened alveolar membrane and decreased lung compliance


______ (32) decreased surface area for gas exchange


______ (33) increased airway resistance


______ (34) fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces


______ (35) Which of the following lung volumes or capacities cannot be determined
with a simple spirometer?

(A) Vital capacity
(B) Expiratory reserve volume
(C) Inspiratory reserve volume
(D) Tidal volume
(E) Functional residual capacity

?
______ (36) Which of the following would be expected to increase the measured airway
resistance?

(A) Stimulation of parasympathetic nerves to the lungs
(B) Low lung volumes
(C) Release of histamine by mast cells
(D) Forced expirations
(E) All of the above

______ (37) Which of the following tend to decrease airway resistance?

(A) Asthma
(B) Stimulation by sympathetic fibers
(C) Treatment with acetylcholine
(D) Exhalation to residual volume


Questions 38 to 40. Use the following figure for the questions. (An answer may be used more than once or not at all.)




______ (38) Assuming a respiratory rate of 12 breaths/min calculate the minute
ventilation. (Note: Answer is in L, not ml.)

(A) 1 L/min
(B) 2 L/min
(C) 4 L/min
(D) 5 L/min
(E) 6 L/min
______ (39) Assuming the same respiratory rate of 12 breaths/min calculate the alveolar
ventilation. (Note: Answer is in L, not mL.)

(A) 3 L/min
(B) 4 L/min
(C) 6 L/min
(D) 12 L/min
(E) Do not have enough information to calculate alveolar ventilation

______ (40) What is the residual volume?

(A) 1,000 mL
(B) 1,500 mL
(C) 2,000 mL
(D) 2,500 mL
(E) 5,000 mL

______ (41) Which of the following should decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for
oxygen?

(A) Low pCO2
(B) Alkalosis
(C) Acidosis
(D) Decreased body temperature

______ (42) An otherwise normal person has lost enough blood to decrease his body’s
hemoglobin concentration from 15 g/100 mL blood to 12 g/100 mL blood.
Which of the following would be expected to decrease?

(A) Arterial pO2
(B) Blood oxygen-carrying capacity
(C) Arterial hemoglobin saturation
(D) Arterial carbon dioxide content
?
______ (43) A 22-year-old man was involved in a fight and received a blow to the head.
On arrival to emergency department he was unconscious and was receiving
assisted ventilation via a manual bag. His blood gases were:

pO2 = 45 mmHg
pCO2 = 80 mmHg
pH = 7.05
HCO3- = 27 mM

In which form was most CO2 being transported in this patient?

(A) Dissolved
(B) Bicarbonate ions
(C) Carbaminohemoglobin compounds
(D) CO2 bound to plasma proteins

______ (44) During moderate aerobic exercise:

(A) Arterial pO2 increases
(B) Arterial pCO2 increases
(C) Arterial pH increases
(D) Blood lactate level decreases