1. Which of the following activities would be excluded from R&D? a. laboratory research aimed at discovery of new knowledge b. conceptual formulation and design of possible product or process alternatives c. design, construction, and operation of a pilot plant that is not of a scale economically feasible to the company for commercial production d. engineering follow-through in an early phase of commercial production a 2. GAAP requires that the costs of start-up activities be a. capitalized and amortized over its finite life. b. capitalized and reviewed for impairment over its indefinite life. C. expensed as incurred. d. treated differently from any of these choices. b