1. Which research paradigm is based on the pragmatic view of reality?

a. quantitative research

b. qualitative research

c. mixed research

d. none of the above

2. Which research paradigm is least concerned about generalizing its findings?

a. quantitative research

b. qualitative research

c. mixed research

d. none of the above

3. Which of the following best describes quantitative research? a. the collection of nonnumerical data b. an attempt to confirm the researchers hypotheses c. research that is exploratory

d. research that attempts to generate a new theory

4. A condition or characteristic that can take on different values or categories is called ___. a. a constant b. a variable c. a cause-and-effect relationship

d. a descriptive relationship

5. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called a(n): a. categorical variable b. dependent variable c. independent variable d. intervening variable

6. All of the following are common characteristics of experimental research except: a. it relies primarily on the collection of numerical data b. it can produce important knowledge about cause and effect c. it uses the deductive scientific method d. it rarely is conducted in a controlled setting or environment

7. Qualitative research is often exploratory and has all of the following characteristics except: a. it is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest b. it relies on the collection of nonnumerical data such as words and pictures c. it is used to generate hypotheses and develop theory about phenomena in the world d. it uses the inductive scientific method

8. Which type of research provides the strongest evidence about the existence of cause-and-effect relationships? a. nonexperimental Research b. experimental Research

9. What is the key defining characteristic of experimental research? a. extraneous variables are never present b. a positive correlation usually exists c. a negative correlation usually exists d. manipulation of the independent variable

10. In _____, random assignment to groups is never possible and the researcher cannot manipulate the independent variable. a. basic research b. quantitative research c. experimental research d. causal-comparative and correlational research