1. You intend to study on the diversity of benthic macrofauna to assess the quality of coastal ecosystems. Develop an experimental plan you would use for this study. Assuming you have a population of 12,000 individuals. Take a random sample from the population. Conduct descriptive statistics of your sample. 20 points

2. Call CO2 data built in RStudio. What plant species was used for the experiment? What is the purpose of the study? State the null and alternative hypotheses for the study. List the categorical and numerical variables. Determine whether the true mean of CO2 uptake is equal to zero. Find the range of values that is likely to contain the true mean of the CO2 uptake. 20 points

3. Download fish data from the Midterm folder. The data contain the abundance of juvenile salmon, forage fish (pacific herring, surf smelt, and shiner perch), and other species on eelgrass and nearby unvegetated habitat. The researchers captured individual fish with a lampara net in the two habitats from April to September 2008-2010. The data also included vegetation status, water depth, temperature, salinity, and clarity for each fish netting event.

a. List the categorical variables.

b. Use data visualization to get an idea about the following hypotheses for the abundance of

salmon, pacific herring, surf smelt, and shiner perch:

H1: Abundance of each species does not differ between eelgrass and unvegetated habitat.

H2: Abundance of each species in eelgrass does not differ among zones.

c. Check the normal distribution of water depth, temperature, and salinity.

d. Determine whether water depth, temperature, and salinity are related?

e. Use data visualization to determine whether temperature and salinity varied seasonally.

Include your final data in your submission. 20 points

4. A study was conducted to assess the effect of a fungicide on chicken egg laying. Ten hens were exposed to the fungicide and the number of viable and non-viable eggs from those hens was recorded for five days after 30-day treatment period. Hens that were not exposed to the fungicide laid 45 viable and 25 non-viable eggs whiles hens exposed to the fungicide laid 25 viable and 38 non-viable eggs. Write the null and alternative hypotheses for the study. Use appropriate tests in R/RStudio to test your hypotheses. Visualize the results of the study with an appropriate graph. 20 points