10) Ch 11 (The Chi-square Distribution) An article in the New England Journal of Medicine presented a study on smokers in California and Hawaii. In one part of the report, the self-reported ethnicity and smoking levels (cigarette count) per day were given and compiled into the following table. Is the smoking level independent of ethnic group? Smoking African American Level Per Native Hawaiian Latino Japanese Americans White Totals Day 1-10 10,250 2,461 12,945 9,414 6,882 41,952 11-20 7,143 2,853 5,134 9,875 10,034 35,039 21-30 1,671 1,375 1,345 6,234 6,525 17,150 31+ 1,125 812 765 2,129 2,955 7,786 Totals 20,189 7,501 20,189 27,652 26,396 101,927 a) State the following two hypotheses as sentences. Ho: The smoking level is independent of ethnic groups. Ha: The smoking level is dependent on ethnic groups. b) Create an expected values table from the given observed (actual) values table above ( or use excel) c) What is the X test statistic value ? ( sum the differences between the O and E tables) d) What is the p-value? (Use the CHISQ.DIST.RT excel function) e) Make a Decision (Reject the null OR do NOT reject the null ) if alpha=0.01, and f) Make a Conclusion (as a sentence in the context of this question and include the required % test level of significance ).