Before an engineer design any control system, the engineer must understand the plant that will be controlled. This step is called modelling. The modelling requires several concepts from different areas that sometimes is not the major of the engineer. In this project, we will design a project to control a solar panel. There is an intense search for alternative and cheap renewable energy. Solar energy has been used very often as an example of this type of energy in multiple ways. One way to use solar energy is to generate electricity by photovoltaic panel (PVP). A solar panel to use the maximum sun energy must be directed towards the sun to be perpendicular to the sun waves. Theoretically, it is possible to increase the efficiency by 48% if the solar panel tracks the sun movement. The idea of this project is to make a stable position control, following the sun light trajectory with maximum on 4.6% of overshoot with error as close to zero as possible, as shown in figure 1. It will use a motor and gears to move the PVP, as shown in figure 2. The motor torque T is proportional to the armature current ia and a torque constant km = K = 0.1 N.m/A (T = Kria). The back emf constant K = 0.1 V.s and the armature resistance Ra= 10 Q2. The gear ratio is 1:1 and the total inertia JL + Jm = 10-kg. m. Single-axis tracking on a Horizontal axis Figure 1 - Solar panel and the sun light tracker. Va Figure 2 - Track movement system. In order to control the tracking movement, the system will use sensors to identify the angle of the PVP and the angle of the sun wave light, both with gain Ko. The sensor that measures the position of the PVP is in cascade with a filter of transfer function The difference between the positions of the sun light and the PVP will define the signal to rotate the PVP, as shown in figure 3. 10 s+10' In order to control the tracking movement, the system will use sensors to identify the angle of the PVP and the angle of the sun wave light, both with gain Ko. The sensor that measures the position of the PVP is in cascade with a filter of transfer function The difference between the positions of the sun light and the PVP will define the signal to rotate the PVP, as shown in figure 3. 10 s+10 0 Sun light angular position Sensor Ko = p ef Va Filter 10 s+10 Sensor K Co Figure 3- Complete system to control the PVP to track the sun. Photovoltaic panel angular position a) Identify the inputs, the process and the outputs of the system. b) Is it a closed loop or open loop? c) Draw a block diagram indicating the track movement system as a transfer function d) What are the three primary focuses of the design? 8o(s) Va(s)