11. If we were meant to be nude, we'd all be born that way. We were, in fact, all born nude. Thus, we were meant to be nude.

• A. valid and not sound
• B. invalid and not sound
• C. valid and sound
• D. invalid and sound

12. It is 100 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius) outside. Shave ice melts when the weather is warm. Therefore, if I leave my shave ice outside on this hot summer day, it will probably melt in less than an hour.

• A. strong and not cogent
• B. strong and cogent
• C. weak and cogent
• D. weak and not cogent

13. 99% of Humuhumu fish found near O'ahu were less than 10 inches long. So, 99% of Humuhumu fish found near Kaua'i are likely less than 10 inches long.

Which of the following is this inductive inferencean instance?

• A.

population to sample

• B.

sample to population

• C.

population to population

• D.

sample to sample

14. A quality control engineer wants to determinethethickness of paint on a newly finished moped at her company's factory. She randomly selects30points on the mopedand measures the paint thickness at each of the points.

What is the population?

What is the sample?

• A.

population: every point on the single moped

sample: the thirty points on it

• B.

population: thirty mopeds in the factory

sample: thirty points on each of them

• C.

population: every moped in the factory

sample: thirty points on each of them

• D.

population: every moped in the factory

sample: every point on each of them