11 of 25 Discrimination in labor markets arises if workers with the same skill levels; race or gender workers with different skill levels; race or gender workers with no experience; marital status or race workers with experience; marital status or race Lesson 11: Comparative Advanta & Questionmark Perception as measured by education, receive different pay because of their 12 of 25 Critics of a labor union might argue one of the following: O Unions have a higher percentage of women and workers over the age of 40 Unions can prohibit economic growth if new technology is blocked Unions oppose suppression of wages by profit-seeking firms Unions have a tendency to gain as much as possible in the long-term 13 of 25 Even after adjusting for factors such as union members earn years of work experience and education level; about 20% more healthcare and retirement; about 30% more O union dues and costs of attorneys for collective bargaining; about 25% more O racial discrimination and immigration; about 15% more than non-union members. 14 of 25 The economic benefit of having workers with comparable skill sets make items such as cars, computers etc. includes