11. Retained Earnings a) at the beginning of the fiscal year is added to the company's Net Income at the end of the current year to determine the Retained Earnings at the end of the fiscal year b) represent a pile of unused cash which has been "retained" and saved by the company in order to have funds available for future capital investments c) are the accumulated sum of every dollar a company has earned since its inception, less any payments made to shareholders in the form of stock dividends d) all of the above e) none of the above